What are the common medications used in chemotherapy for cancer that have low solubility?5 answersCommon medications used in chemotherapy for cancer that have low solubility include taxanes like paclitaxel and docetaxel, as well as chemotherapeutic agents such as enzalutamide, etoposide, campothecin, sagopilone, doxorubicin, tamoxifen, cisplatin, and melphalan. The challenge with these drugs lies in their poor water solubility, which hinders their effective administration. To address this issue, various strategies have been developed, including prodrug formation, conjugation, inclusion complexation, micellar solubilization, and liposome-based formulations. Additionally, the use of polymer-based prodrugs has shown promise in enhancing the aqueous solubility of anticancer drugs, improving bioavailability, and reducing side effects associated with traditional solubilizers. These advancements aim to optimize drug delivery and enhance the therapeutic outcomes of chemotherapy for cancer patients.
What are the main factors affecting protein solubility?4 answersProtein solubility is influenced by several factors. pH value plays a significant role, with solubility being lowest near the isoelectric point of the protein. Buffer salts and ionic strength also strongly affect solubility, with salt ions increasing solubility at the isoelectric point pH and slightly decreasing solubility at higher pH values. Other factors such as extraction time, extraction temperature, ratio of material to extraction medium, and salt concentration may have some impact on solubility, but their effects are not as significant. Additionally, global structural flexibility, as modeled by normalised B-factors, has been found to accurately predict protein solubility. Protein engineering solutions can also be employed to increase solubility, although these alterations may have trade-offs with other properties.
What are the most effective BMVs for wound healing?4 answersThe most effective BMVs for wound healing include therapeutic antibacterial/antifungal-wound healing compositions containing antibacterial agents, antifungal agents, and wound healing composition alone. Another effective BMV is the loropetalum chinense leaf composition, which contains phenolic acids and flavonoids. Additionally, wound bed preparation (WBP) is a major advance in addressing the chronic wound and optimizing therapeutic agents for wound healing.
What are the complexing agents which can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs?3 answersComplexing agents that can increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs include proteins, such as plant proteins, mammalian proteins, and recombinant proteins. Other methods include the formation of inclusion complexes, cocrystals, and coamorphous systems. Additionally, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) has been used as a complexing agent in ternary solid dispersions to enhance solubility. These approaches have been shown to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, leading to enhanced pharmacokinetic properties and increased plasma drug concentration.
How to determine the solubility of an oral drug in serum?5 answersThe solubility of an oral drug in serum can be determined using various methods. One approach is to use smart systems, which are considered more reliable and important in this field. Another method is to evaluate the permeability of the drug across the gastrointestinal membrane, as oral absorption is influenced by both dissolution and permeability. Mathematical models have also been developed to correlate and predict the solubility of drugs, providing a faster and easier tool for solubility determination. Additionally, computational models can be used to predict water solubility, which is an important factor for successful drug development. By comparing calculated and measured solubility, the value of these models can be assessed, although their limitations should be considered. Overall, a combination of experimental, mathematical, and computational methods can be employed to determine the solubility of an oral drug in serum.
What are the most common techniques used to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs?5 answersThe most common techniques used to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs include particle size reduction, solid dispersion, complexation, and co-solvency. Particle size reduction involves reducing the size of the drug particles to increase their dissolution and bioavailability. Solid dispersion involves dispersing the drug in a solid matrix to enhance its solubility. Complexation involves forming a complex between the drug and another molecule to improve its solubility. Co-solvency involves using a solvent mixture to enhance the solubility of the drug. These techniques are important in formulation development to overcome the challenge of poor solubility and improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.