How is E.Coli test conducted in NWSC LAB?4 answersThe E. coli test at NWSC LAB can be conducted using various methods outlined in the research papers. One approach involves a microfluidic slipchip system for rapid and label-free detection of E. coli based on β-D-glucuronidase activity, achieving detection within 5 hours with a low concentration of 8 CFU per chamber. Another method utilizes a bioluminogenic substrate system that measures beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase enzymes for enumeration and detection of E. coli in food samples within an 8-hour working shift. Additionally, a specific method involves adding a chromogenic reagent to a cultured specimen to produce vivid colorization of E. coli colonies for enumeration in water or sewage samples. These diverse techniques offer efficient and rapid ways to detect and enumerate E. coli in different sample types.
How to calibrate uv sensors?4 answersUV sensors can be calibrated using various methods. One method involves considering both the spectral and angular responses of the sensor, especially when testing full-size PV modules in extended-source UV exposure systems. Another method involves managing UV irradiation by exposing multiple UV sensors to the UV light at different intervals to measure the illumination intensity and calibrate the sensors accordingly. Additionally, an on-orbit calibration method for system errors of an ultraviolet sensor based on a GNSS can be used, which utilizes a least square method for processing the measuring quantity of the sensor and a high-precision positioning result of the GNSS. Furthermore, a GaN photodiode-based sensor system can be calibrated by converting the radiation intensity into current and then amplifying it into an output voltage, which can be calibrated using a standard Si-UVA sensor.
What are the sources of uncertainty in UV-Vis in determine the chemical composition using calibration curves?3 answersThe sources of uncertainty in UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurements for determining the chemical composition using calibration curves include both intrinsic (or "physical") sources and "chemical" sources. The intrinsic sources of uncertainty originate from the instrument itself and include factors such as repeatability of spectrophotometer reading, spectrophotometer drift, and stray light. These sources often have lower contributions to the combined uncertainty compared to the "chemical" sources, which originate from the object under study. Chemical sources of uncertainty include interference from the constituents of the matrix and decomposition of the photometric complex. Additionally, the calibration equation used can also contribute to the uncertainty. The adequateness of the calibration equation has been shown to have a significant effect on the measurement uncertainty, with the selection of an adequate equation reducing the uncertainty source of the calibration equation significantly.
What are the differences using spectrophotometer wavelengths at 660 or 600 nm in bacteria growth curve?5 answersThe use of spectrophotometer wavelengths at 660 nm or 600 nm in bacteria growth curve analysis can lead to different results. The conventional OD600 technique, which measures optical density at 600 nm, is commonly used but has limitations. It can detect bacteria but cannot reliably quantify the growth rate. Additionally, the presence of red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) can falsely inflate cell density when measuring at 600 nm, leading to underestimations of per-cell fluorescence. On the other hand, measuring optical density at 700 nm can provide an estimation of cell abundance unaffected by the presence of nearly all fluorescent proteins. Furthermore, a multi-wavelength normalization process, which analyzes the entire UV-Vis wavelength spectrum, can accurately quantify growth rates with high fidelity at low concentrations.
WHAT IS uv spectrophotometry?3 answersUV spectrophotometry is a method used to analyze organic and inorganic compounds by measuring how they absorb and reflect light in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range. It provides information on the color and molecular structure of materials, making it useful for identifying compounds such as pigments, paint binders, and artists' materials. UV spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields, including trace element analysis, environmental analysis, and industrial analysis. It is a noninvasive technique that requires modest equipment and can be performed by moderately trained analysts. The technique is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by matter, and the resulting spectra can be used to determine the structure and composition of compounds. UV spectrophotometry has been instrumental in the detection of pollutants, estimation of purity, and detailed structure analysis of both organic and inorganic compounds.
How do you calibrate atomic absorption spectrophotometer?7 answers