How DBT are removed from fuel by oxidative desulfurization?5 answersDibenzothiophene (DBT) is effectively removed from fuel through oxidative desulfurization processes utilizing various catalyst systems. Different approaches include using homogeneous liquid catalytic systems with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid in a meso-oscillatory baffled reactor, achieving up to 94% DBT conversion in just 3 minutes. Additionally, binuclear metallophthalocyanines wrapped on multi-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit significant desulfurization activity, with a 96.95% DBT conversion rate and the ability to be recycled multiple times. Furthermore, three-dimensional ordered macroporous polyoxometalate-based zirconia hybrids show excellent extractive-oxidative desulfurization activity, removing 500 ppm of DBT within 2 hours under mild conditions and maintaining catalytic activity even after 20 cycles. Heteropoly acid-based Al2O3 catalysts with a three-dimensional ordered structure also demonstrate superior ODS performance, oxidizing 98.5% of DBT into sulfone within 3 hours. These studies highlight the diverse and efficient methods for DBT removal through oxidative desulfurization processes.
How to make NaOH 0,1 N?4 answersTo prepare a 0.1 N NaOH solution, you can follow a method involving bipolar membrane electrodialysis or a chemical synthesis approach. In the electrodialysis method, a water solution of N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantyl ammonium hydroxide halogenated salt is processed through a series of chambers with specific liquids and controlled electric fields. Alternatively, a chemical synthesis method involves reacting adamantane with bromine, followed by several steps to obtain N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantyl ammonium hydroxide, which can be further processed for NaOH production. These methods offer different routes to produce high-purity NaOH solutions, providing flexibility based on available resources and expertise.
How to make nickel chloride solution?5 answersNickel chloride solution can be prepared through various methods. One method involves dissolving nickel oxide in hydrochloric acid to form a nickel chloride solution. This is achieved by adding hydrochloric acid to a reaction kettle, stirring the mixture, and then adding nickel oxide solid powder. The solution is heated until the nickel oxide is dissolved, and then the heating is stopped. Stirring is also stopped when the concentration of hydrogen ions reaches a certain level. The solution is then filtered to obtain the nickel chloride solution. Another method involves processing nickel-containing metal wastes with an iron-containing nickel chloride solution. Gaseous chlorine is supplied during the treatment, and the redox potential is maintained within a specific range. The resulting nickel chloride solution is then purified and the impurities are removed. Additionally, nickel chloride can be prepared through sulfuric acid leaching of crude nickel hydroxide. The leached solution is then subjected to extraction and evaporation processes to obtain the nickel chloride product. Another method involves using noble-metal leaching agents as raw materials and carrying out various steps including oxidation, extraction, and counter-current extraction to produce a nickel chloride solution. Anhydrous nickel chloride can also be produced through ion exchange membrane electrolysis and subsequent concentration and dehydration processes.
What is the best way to solve the ozone problem?4 answersThe best way to solve the ozone problem is by using ozone treatment methods that ensure safe handling and continuous generation of ozone. One method involves mixing ozone with high boiling point inert gases in a premixing tank, allowing for safe handling during phase changes. Another method utilizes ozone hydrates, which are decomposed by compressed air to generate ozone for various treatments. Additionally, ozone can be removed from air by ejecting a mist of a liquid containing a reducing agent, resulting in complete decomposition and removal of ozone. Another approach involves ozone/oxygen separation using an ozone adsorbent, recycling recovered oxygen as a raw material for ozone production. Lastly, the efficiency of utilizing ozone can be improved by using an ejector in a bubble tank, allowing for cyclic use of gaseous ozone.
What is Ros-gazebo plugin?5 answersA ROS-Gazebo plugin is a software component that enables the simulation of RFID systems for robotics in the Gazebo simulation platform. It allows the simulation of RFID readers-antennas mounted on robots reading RFID tags in the environment. The plugin is based on a model that uses the probability of detection to simulate the behavior of the complete RFID system, including readers, antennas, and tags. The simulation results of the plugin have been compared with experimental results, showing that it can accurately model the read rate of the actual RFID system. Another application of ROS-Gazebo plugin is the simulation of Articulated Soft Robots (ASRs) equipped with compliant actuators. The plugin implements the custom compliant characteristics of the actuators and simulates their internal motor dynamics, allowing realistic simulations of ASRs interacting with the environment. The simulated ASRs can be used to develop control policies that can be transferred to the real world. Additionally, the ROS-Gazebo plugin can be used to simulate ARVA sensors, which are used in Search & Rescue operations to localize victims of avalanches. The plugin allows researchers to develop faster and smarter Search & Rescue strategies based on ARVA receiver data.
How does the oxidative stress affect NF-kB pathwyas?5 answersOxidative stress can both activate and repress NF-kB signaling in a phase and context-dependent manner. It has been shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modulate the NF-kB pathway. In the setting of oxidative stress, NF-kB can have both anti- and pro-oxidant roles. The activation of NF-kB signaling pathway is involved in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal tubules, which is induced by oxidative stress. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is also implicated in oxidative stress-induced damage, and its engagement leads to increased oxidative stress and up-regulation of NF-kB signaling. Additionally, aging has been shown to upregulate the nuclear NF-kB binding activity in cardiac muscle, which is believed to reflect oxidative stress. Extracellular histones, which are released in various pathological processes, have been found to increase cytosolic ROS production and NF-kB activity through COX and NOX-mediated pathways.