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How to process precise leveling data to determine subsidence? 


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To process precise leveling data for subsidence determination, several steps can be followed. First, preprocess the original data by matching point clouds and segmenting pavement points . Next, interpolate pavement points into a regular grid for easier comparison . Then, smooth the pavement point cloud data using Gaussian kernel convolution to enhance accuracy in comparison . Finally, calculate the height differences to identify subsidence areas and compare them against a threshold value for detection . Additionally, comparing subsidence rates obtained from precise leveling with those from Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) techniques can provide valuable insights into subsidence patterns in urban areas .

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Precise leveling data for subsidence determination involves measuring geodetic-grade bolts on building foundations and comparing them to SAR data processed using a PSI algorithm.
Process precise leveling data by preprocessing, grid interpolation, Gaussian kernel smoothing, and height difference calculation to detect subcentimeter-level subsidence in urban roads using mobile laser scanner data.
Precise leveling data for subsidence determination can be processed using techniques like Post Processed Static (PPS) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with accuracies around 2 cm.
Precise leveling data is processed to determine subsidence rates by comparing elevation measurements over time, aiding in identifying areas undergoing land surface deformation, as shown in the study.
Process precise leveling data by combining it with PSI results using cokriging technique to quantify subsidence, as done in central Taiwan to monitor land deformation accurately.

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What is the correlation between digital elevation models and land subsidence in urban areas?4 answersDigital elevation models (DEMs) can be used to monitor and assess land subsidence in urban areas. DEMs obtained from satellite-based surveying methods, such as differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR), provide valuable data for studying land deformation and identifying subsidence or uplift. These methods require expert knowledge and specialized software, but a simple statistical method can be used to identify land subsidence signals in the differences between freely available global DEMs. The correlation between subsidence and the change of urban construction land has been studied, showing a significant relationship between the two factors. Different radar satellites operating at different wavelengths, such as Sentinel-1 (C-band) and ALOS/PALSAR-2 (L-band), have been used to estimate land subsidence rates with varying accuracies. The results show that DEMs derived from these satellites can provide reliable data for assessing land subsidence in specific areas.
How does mining cause ground subsidence?5 answersMining causes ground subsidence through various mechanisms. One mechanism is the collapse of mine entries and mine roadway intersections, as well as the consolidation of shallow voids, which can generate crown holes ^[Donnelly]. Another mechanism is the longwall mining method, where the roof fails to relieve the strains on the working face, resulting in a subsidence trough. This subsidence trough causes the ground surface to deform and move upwards and outwards from the mined seam ^[Donnelly]. Additionally, underground coal mining can lead to ground subsidence due to the extraction of coal from deeper levels, which can cause the overlying strata to collapse and result in subsidence ^[Guo et al.]. These processes of ground subsidence can pose risks to infrastructure and the environment, and therefore, methods for predicting and mitigating mining-induced subsidence are important for safeguarding structures and land developments ^[Donnelly].
What is the importance of geotechnical investigation in areas where ground subsidence occur?5 answersGeotechnical investigation is important in areas where ground subsidence occurs because it helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of subsidence, as well as in developing effective mitigation strategies. In the case of soft clay subgrade highways, such investigations can provide insights into the geotechnical characteristics of the soil and the potential for settlement. For tunneling and excavation projects, geotechnical investigations can help identify potential risks such as soil erosion and damage to underground pipes, allowing for proper monitoring and management. In the case of canal construction, geotechnical investigations can reveal the properties of the underlying soil and identify unsuitable conditions for construction. Geotechnical investigations can also be used to study the spatio-temporal patterns of ground deformation and identify causal factors such as geological conditions and aquifer exploitation. Overall, geotechnical investigations play a crucial role in understanding the underlying causes of ground subsidence and in developing strategies to mitigate its effects.
How can we use lidar data to model subsidence in urban areas?5 answersLiDAR data can be used to model subsidence in urban areas by analyzing the point cloud obtained from laser scanning of the earth's surface. Building extraction from LiDAR points can be performed to create 3D models of urban buildings. Additionally, LiDAR data can be used to track changes in urban buildings over time and assess damage to buildings by comparing digital models before and after the damage. LiDAR data can also be used to estimate population by comparing census data with data on the number, area, and volume of buildings obtained from processed LiDAR data. Furthermore, LiDAR data can be used to extract and map roads and power lines in urban areas. To improve the accuracy of subsidence monitoring, LiDAR point cloud data can be registered using a multi-period point cloud registration method, resulting in a high-precision surface subsidence model. A proposed algorithm based on height information can automatically extract ground points from airborne LiDAR data for urban areas with high overall accuracy. The combination of timing InSAR technology and multi-source SAR data can provide a high-precision and high-accuracy inverse result of surface subsidence in urban subway areas. Finally, a hybrid method combining different strategies, such as decimation and densification, can improve the filtering results of LiDAR data in urban areas, including the removal of buildings prior to filtering.
How can we use lidar data to measure subsidence in urban areas?5 answersLidar data can be used to measure subsidence in urban areas by employing various methods. One approach is to combine timing InSAR technology with multi-source SAR data to extract deformation information and evaluate the precision of subsidence in specific intervals along urban subways. Another method involves using airborne lidar and advanced distribution modes of control points to register the data and obtain a high-precision surface subsidence model for mining areas. Additionally, a hybrid method that combines different strategies, such as decimation and densification processes, along with a filter, has been proposed to improve the filtering results in urban areas and reduce the influence of parameters on filtering accuracy. These methods provide effective and reliable technical support for monitoring and controlling subsidence disasters in urban areas.
How does subsidence affect flooding?5 answersSubsidence can affect flooding by contributing to the failure of levees and sinking foundation structures, which can lead to the ingress of water and subsequent flooding. In the case of Hurricane Katrina, a subsidence map of the city revealed insights into the failure of the levees during the hurricane. Additionally, a sinking foundation structure can divert sea water to enter and scour the soil inside it, causing the structure to sink further. This sinking can result in the continuous drainage of mud through a suction pipe, further exacerbating the flooding. Therefore, subsidence can play a significant role in increasing the risk and severity of flooding events.

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