How does pregnancy affect immune system?4 answersPregnancy alters the maternal immune system in various ways to allow the development of the genetically foreign fetus without rejection. Extensive immune adaptations occur during pregnancy, including reduced cytotoxicity in cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, reduced T- and B-cell response-related signaling, enhanced protolerance signaling, and upregulated pro-inflammatory genes in monocytes. The immunology of pregnancy involves immune shifts to facilitate maternal-fetal tolerance, with immune interactions between the mother and fetus occurring at the placental interface. The immune system undergoes a shift from a Th1- to a Th2-predominant profile during pregnancy, leading to increased immune tolerance and altered disease risks. Hormonal stimulation and allogeneic stimulation contribute to the regulation of the immune system during pregnancy. These findings highlight the complex and dynamic changes that occur in the maternal immune system during pregnancy to support fetal development while maintaining maternal health.
What are the most common risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women?4 answersThe most common risk factors for intestinal parasitic infection among pregnant women include poor personal hygiene, eating raw vegetables, eating raw meat, and living in rural areas. Other factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in pregnant women include lack of proper use of latrine, poor environmental sanitation, habit of soil eating, having irrigation practice, and lack of health education. These risk factors contribute to the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant women in various regions, including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and other low- and middle-income countries. Improving hygiene practices, promoting proper sanitation, and providing health education are recommended strategies to reduce the burden of intestinal parasitic infections among pregnant women.
How does pregnancy affect the likelihood of abuse?5 answersPregnancy can increase the likelihood of abuse, with evidence suggesting that violence can be initiated or escalated during this time. Women who have experienced child sexual abuse may have more concerns with their care, greater health complaints, fear childbirth, and difficulties with delivery. Additionally, women who report abuse during pregnancy are at a higher risk for further abuse and severe danger, including the risk of murder. Unintended pregnancies are also associated with an increased risk of abuse, with women who have experienced any lifetime abuse being more likely to have an unintended pregnancy. Substance use during pregnancy, including alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, is also a concern and can have negative impacts on fetal development. Overall, pregnancy can exacerbate existing abuse and increase the risk of experiencing abuse, highlighting the need for screening, intervention, and trauma-sensitive care for pregnant women.
What is Endrocrinoloical chanes in Yankasa sheep during pregnancy?3 answersEndocrinological changes in Yankasa sheep during pregnancy include the effects of T. vivax infection on pregnancy and the use of Novidium[R] chemotherapy. Infection with T. vivax during pregnancy resulted in fetal death, resorption, and abortion, with the highest susceptibility observed in the third trimester. Additionally, the study found that fetuses from infected ewes had lower body weights compared to those from treated ewes. Ovarian activity in Yankasa sheep was observed to be year-round, with maximum activity occurring during the rainy and pre-rain seasons, possibly due to the availability of pasture. Unilateral glaucoma cases were reported in Yankasa sheep, with clinical signs including anorexia, emaciation, and loss of vision. Meteorological stress was observed in Yankasa ewes during the harmattan season, with higher rectal temperatures and shivering observed. An outbreak of acute enteric paramphistomiasis was observed in Yankasa sheep, resulting in high mortality rates and clinical signs such as anorexia and profuse diarrhea.
What are the effects of cattle fasciola infection on MDA?1 answersCattle fasciola infection has various effects on MDA. In infected calves, there is an early and marked increase in γ-GT enzymatic activity, which persists until slaughter. In young cattle infected with F. gigantica, those receiving 2000 metacercariae showed clinical symptoms and weight loss, while those receiving 500 or 1000 metacercariae remained in good condition. In bovines from Minas Gerais, Brazil, infected with F. hepatica, there were significant economic losses due to reduced milk and meat production, increased abortion and mortality rates. In young Hereford steers, artificially infected with F. hepatica, rates of growth were significantly reduced, and body weights were depressed in response to higher infection rates and stocking rates. Co-infection with F. hepatica has been shown to affect the diagnostic ability of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) tests, leading to under-diagnosis of BTB cases.
What are the effects of cattle fasciola infection on cholestrol level?1 answersCattle fasciola infection has been shown to have an impact on liver enzymes, but there is limited information on its effects on cholesterol levels. Studies have focused on liver damage and fibrosis caused by the infection. One study found that infected calves showed an early and marked increase in γ-GT enzyme activity, which is indicative of liver damage, but did not specifically measure cholesterol levels. Another study found that in high-level single infections, a severe parenchymal reaction occurs around the immature flukes, inhibiting their development and resulting in few adult flukes in the bile ducts. However, the specific effects on cholesterol levels were not mentioned in this study. Overall, there is a lack of information on the direct effects of cattle fasciola infection on cholesterol levels, and further research is needed to fully understand this aspect of the infection.