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The results may provide a contribution for further research on doping as well as for policymakers in the fight against doping in sport (both medical and financial).
There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic.
From this perspective, doping is being used for enhancement purposes in a societal context where optimization and performance are important.
These hypothetical, theoretical and methodological considerations offer a more nuanced understanding of doping behaviours, making an effective contribution to anti-doping education and research by enabling researchers and policy personnel to become more critically reflective about their explicit and implicit assumptions regarding models of explanations for doping behaviour.
The extent of doping suggested by the latter is significantly higher than that found in the official statistics.
Against the backdrop of an increasing use of the term ‘doping’ in circumstances other than the classical understanding, this theoretic article provides a new and comprehensive inter-disciplinary reflection of the doping concept.
While the existing empirical research posits support for the anti-doping movement, it also exposes a limited knowledge of doping effects or governance.