Complexation of ligand?5 answersComplexation of ligands plays a crucial role in various processes such as wastewater treatment, metal extraction, and stabilization of metal clusters. Different ligands exhibit varying complexation behaviors with metals, impacting processes like ammonia removal, selective extraction of lanthanides over actinides, and stabilization of metal clusters like Cu, Ag, and Au. Techniques like FT-IR, NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectrophotometry are utilized to study complexation mechanisms. The thermodynamics, stability constants, and bonding nature of metal-ligand complexes are investigated to understand the complexation process better. Additionally, studies using mass spectrometry reveal how the electrospray process can accelerate the formation kinetics of metal-ligand complexes, influencing solution equilibria. Overall, complexation of ligands with metals is a diverse and intricate field with significant implications across various scientific disciplines.
How synthetic terpenoids from the fungi?4 answersSynthetic terpenoids from fungi are obtained through the heterologous expression of terpene cyclase genes and P450 genes in Aspergillus oryzae transformants. These genes guide the biosynthesis of terpenoids by adding functional groups to cyclized structures. The biosynthetic pathways of fungal terpenoids involve the regulation of the mevalonate pathway, gene expression, and availability of cofactors. By understanding these mechanisms, the production of fungal terpenoids can be directed. Additionally, the biosynthetic gene clusters of fungal-derived fernane-type triterpenoids have been identified, leading to the generation of new compounds with potent antifungal activity. Furthermore, the combinatorial biosynthesis of tropolone sesquiterpenoids has been achieved by recombining genes from different biosynthetic gene clusters, resulting in the production of unprecedented analogs. Sesterterpenoids, another class of terpenoids, are formed by the cyclization of dimethyl allyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate, and their biosynthetic pathways have been characterized in fungi.
How NHC complexes are prepared?5 answersNHC complexes are prepared through various methods described in the provided abstracts. One approach involves synthesizing heteroleptic [RhIIICp*(NHC)] and [IrIIICp*(NHC)] complexes using N-amino acid functionality derived from imidazolium salts. Another method involves the cycloaddition reactions of substituted anthracenes with nosylated quinone imines, followed by re-aromatization, O-butylation, and cleavage of the nosyl-group to obtain triptycene anilines. These anilines are then converted into imidazolium salts, which can be deprotonated to form triptycene-NHC-metal complexes. Chiral transition metal complexes containing an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand can be prepared from achiral imidazolinium salts, resulting in axial chirality due to the formation of the metal-carbene bond. Weak bases and mild conditions can also be used for the continuous flow preparation of CuI, AuI, and PdII-NHC complexes, using technical grade acetone as a solvent. Additionally, macrocyclic tetra-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes can be synthesized on late lanthanides, such as Lu, Yb, Ho, Dy, and Gd, through a series of reactions and characterized using various techniques.
How tetrazolyl enhances drug efficacy and bioavailability.?5 answersTetrazolyl enhances drug efficacy and bioavailability by improving drug dissolution and solubility, as well as facilitating drug release and contact with the dissolution medium and gastrointestinal fluids. This can be achieved through the preparation of liquisolid systems, where the drug is sorbed in a liquid phase to a porous carrier and then converted into solid dosage forms for oral administration. Additionally, the use of lipophilic pharmaceutically acceptable compounds, such as benzyl alcohol, as carriers can enhance the transdermal transport and permeation of topically administered drugs. By enhancing drug dissolution, solubility, release, and permeation, tetrazolyl can improve the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs, leading to better therapeutic outcomes.
Are there any FDA anti-cancer agents containing tetrazole?5 answersYes, there are FDA-approved anti-cancer agents containing tetrazole. Aflibercept (Zaltrap) has been approved by the FDA for use in combination with the chemotherapy regimen FOLFIRI for the treatment of adults with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Which temozolomide concentration is used?5 answersTemozolomide concentration used in the studies is not mentioned in the abstracts provided.