What is the best green catalyst for isomerization of glucose become fructose with the best yield?5 answersArginine emerges as the most suitable green catalyst for the isomerization of glucose to fructose, offering the highest yield among natural basic amino acids tested, reaching approximately 8.5%. On the other hand, a modified Beta zeolite with Yb as the rare-earth element achieved a maximum fructose yield of 27.8%, outperforming other modified Beta zeolites under optimized conditions. Additionally, a novel biocatalyst, mVBA-b-P(AAm-co-AN)@glucose isomerase, displayed excellent stability and achieved a high fructose production rate of 62.79%, showcasing potential for industrial applications. Furthermore, the use of MIL-101(Cr) as a metal-organic framework catalyst resulted in a fructose yield of 23-35% after 1 hour of reaction time, demonstrating good stability and recyclability.
What is the best catalyst for isomerization of glucose become fructose with the best yield?4 answersThe best catalyst for the isomerization of glucose to fructose with the highest yield is the Yb-Beta zeolite, as indicated by the study conducted by Xinnan Ma et al.. Another effective catalyst is the mVBA-b-P(AAm-co-AN)@glucose isomerase biocatalyst, which demonstrated excellent stability and a high fructose production rate of 62.79%. Additionally, aqueous NaOH was explored as a base catalyst, achieving yields of up to 31% for the conversion of glucose to fructose under mild conditions. Hydrotalcite Mg/Al also showed promise as a catalyst, with a high yield of 20.14% and selectivity of 62.40% for glucose isomerization. Lastly, the use of tetra methyl guanidinium proline ([TMG]Pro) resulted in an impressive fructose yield of 34.1% with a lower activation energy compared to other base-catalyzed systems.
What are the chemical reactions that the alkane group goes through?5 answersThe alkane group undergoes various chemical reactions, including oxidative carbon–carbon bond coupling reactions catalyzed by cobalt complexes. Alkane hydroxylation can occur through peroxy acid reactions or by cytochrome P450 hydroperoxoheme Compound 0, involving peroxy oxygen insertion into C-H bonds. Alkyl radicals, crucial intermediates in industrial processes like dehydrogenation, participate in hydrogen abstraction, radical recombination, and alkene formation reactions, with the stability of alkene products influencing reaction pathways. Additionally, oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as ethane or propane, can yield alkenes through specific catalyst beds in a reactor vessel. It is essential to consider the complexity and unpredictability of alkane derivative reactions due to the diverse products and competing pathways involved.
Isomerization of light naphtha5 answersIsomerization of light naphtha is a process that is gaining importance in the refining industry. It involves upgrading the octane number of light naphtha fractions and reducing benzene content by saturating the benzene fraction. Isomerization is a cost-effective method for enhancing octane compared to other processes. The isomerate product obtained from this process has low sulfur and benzene content, making it an ideal blending component for refinery gasoline. Isomerization complements catalytic reforming in upgrading the octane number of refinery naphtha streams. Various aspects of the isomerization process, including catalysts, reactions, thermodynamics, and process developments, are being researched and developed.
Does branched alkane break down more fastly than straight-chain alkanes?5 answersBranched alkanes break down faster than straight-chain alkanes. The oxidation behavior of branched alkanes is different from their linear chain counterparts due to their different molecular structure. Branched alkanes react earlier and faster at the initial stage compared to linear alkanes, but their reaction rates become slower at later stages with increasing temperature. Additionally, branched alkanes can produce some oxidized compounds with a C O group, while linear alkanes can form more carbonyl groups and other oxidized compounds that help produce more CO2 by decomposition. The stability of branched alkanes is also higher than their straight-chain isomers, which suggests that electron correlation plays a significant role in their stability. The unique destabilizing feature of permethylated alkanes arises from the close proximity of bulky methyl groups causing highly distorted geometries along the carbon backbone.
Isomerization heterogeneous catalyst synthesis and shaping4 answersIsomerization catalysts can be synthesized using various methods and materials. One method involves filling the pore channels of a molecular sieve with hydrocarbon compounds, followed by heating treatment to obtain a molecular sieve support with blocked pore channels. Metal active components are then supported on the support, and drying and reduction are performed to obtain the target catalyst. Another approach is to use isothiocyanate-functionalized silica as a heterogeneous catalyst for carotenoid isomerization. This catalyst promotes the Z-isomerization of carotenoids with high efficiency, increasing the Z-isomer ratios of lycopene and astaxanthin solutions. Additionally, an isomerization catalyst can be prepared using H type mesoporous Zn-ZSM-5 molecular sieve or improved mesoporous Zn-ZSM-5 molecular sieve, aluminum oxide, and a metal active component such as Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, or W. This catalyst exhibits high activity, selectivity, and carbon deposit resistance. Furthermore, a composition can be prepared by mixing aluminum halide, copper(II) salt, calcium aluminate, and alcohol, which can be used as a catalyst in the isomerization of alkanes and/or cycloalkanes.