What are RA biochemical markers?5 answersRheumatoid arthritis (RA) biochemical markers include C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), rheumatoid factor (RF), anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon, adenosine deaminase, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and Anti-CCP. These markers play crucial roles in diagnosing, prognosticating, and monitoring RA progression. They reflect immune reactions, inflammation, joint destruction, and disease severity, aiding in treatment decisions and outcome evaluations. Additionally, novel biochemical markers like post-translational modifications of matrix proteins and enzyme-generated neoepitopes show promise in predicting structural damage progression and treatment efficacy in RA, spondyloarthropathy, and psoriatic arthritis.
ISSR for genetic test in horticulture plants especially for abitik stress5 answersISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat) markers have been utilized in horticultural crops to assess genetic diversity, especially in plants facing abiotic stresses. These markers have been employed in grapevine rootstocks analysis, revealing genetic similarities and variability among different genotypes. Additionally, molecular markers, including ISSR, have been crucial in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for developing abiotic stress-tolerant horticultural varieties. The use of ISSR markers, along with SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers, has enabled the identification of alleles and heterozygosity levels in grape genotypes, aiding in genetic diversity studies. Overall, ISSR markers play a significant role in understanding genetic relationships, variability, and selection of stress-tolerant traits in horticultural crops, contributing to the improvement of crop resilience to abiotic stresses.
How can ISSR markers be used to study genetic diversity?5 answersISSR markers can be used to study genetic diversity by analyzing the population structure and genetic variability of different species. These markers generate informative bands that can be used to assess the percentage of polymorphic bands, genetic diversity indices such as Nei's genetic diversity and Shannon's information index, and the genetic differentiation coefficient. ISSR markers can also be used to analyze the genetic distance between different genotypes and populations, as well as to identify closely related individual genotypes and eliminate duplicates from collections. Additionally, ISSR markers can be used to study the patterns of genetic variation within and between populations, identify gene pools, and assess the genetic variability of species. Overall, ISSR markers provide a valuable tool for assessing the genetic diversity and structure of populations, which can aid in breeding strategies and conservation efforts.
Are SSR markers suitable for molecular characterization of onion genotypes?4 answersSSR markers are suitable for molecular characterization of onion genotypes. Molecular markers such as SSRs offer several advantages over traditional morphological markers, including higher polymorphism, faster analysis, and the ability to objectively analyze data. In the study by Ghodake and Patil, RAPD markers were used to assess genetic diversity in onion genotypes, revealing significant genotypic differences and high levels of polymorphism. Similarly, in the study by Kesralikar et al., molecular markers such as SSRs were highlighted as powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity in onion and providing valuable insights for onion improvement programs. These findings suggest that SSR markers can be effectively used for molecular characterization of onion genotypes, enabling the identification of genetic variation and the development of breeding strategies.
ISSR bamboo orchids genetic variation5 answersISSR markers were used to analyze genetic variations in bamboo species and orchids. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations among different bamboo species but few genetic variations among different infra-species. In the case of the endangered orchid species Amitostigma hemipilioides, an intermediate level of genetic diversity was found at the species and population level, with a high level of population differentiation. Genetic variation was also observed within different accessions of Kengyilia species, with interspecies genetic variation and close relationships among species with similar morphological characteristics and from the same areas. In the case of marine red alga Porphyra, ISSR markers were used to analyze genetic variation, and the results showed that genetic variation was relevant to their living localities. Overall, ISSR markers proved to be a useful tool in analyzing genetic variation in bamboo, orchids, and algae species.
Why are molecular markers used in plant classification?2 answersMolecular markers are used in plant classification for several reasons. Firstly, they allow for the detection of genetic variation within and among species, which is essential for understanding the molecular basis of phenotypic variation and for accelerating breeding programs. Secondly, molecular markers provide a reliable and effortless way to assess known and unknown taxa, both between and within species, enabling proper identification and characterization of plant material. Additionally, these markers can be used to establish genetic relatedness among isolates and to study evolutionary relationships, making them valuable tools for studying the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of plant-associated microorganisms. Furthermore, molecular markers have revolutionized plant biotechnology and genetic studies, particularly in the field of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in crop plants, where they are used to identify markers linked with genes of economic significance. Overall, molecular markers play a crucial role in improving crop yield and productivity, conserving genetic resources, and facilitating plant classification and breeding programs.