What factors influence the cost recovery and payback period of stormwater management systems?4 answersThe cost recovery and payback period of stormwater management systems are influenced by various factors. Factors affecting cost recovery include land prices, input prices, differences in biophysical regions, and design variations of the systems. The payback period for rainwater tanks is influenced by roof area, initial cost, and rate of return, with a power relationship observed between initial cost and payback period. Additionally, the size of the storage tank, cost savings, and the chosen tank size impact the feasibility and payback period of rainwater harvesting systems in different types of buildings. The design of stormwater management systems, such as the arrangement of cells and interconnectors, also plays a role in determining the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of these systems.
What are the factors that contribute to the low payback period for stormwater management systems?5 answersFactors contributing to the low payback period for stormwater management systems include the development of general equations for estimation based on roof area, initial cost, and rate of return. Additionally, the use of low-cost sensors for monitoring and maintenance can optimize system performance and reduce expenses, potentially leading to quicker payback periods. Furthermore, the implementation of multi-functional stormwater management systems with green infrastructure and local retention measures can significantly lower environmental impacts, making them more cost-effective in the long run. Urban floods caused by changes in precipitation behavior and inadequate drainage systems can also prompt investments in efficient stormwater management, potentially resulting in faster returns on investment.
What is research gap of golf course about stormwater management?5 answersThe research gap in golf course stormwater management lies in the need for further understanding and practical solutions for sustainable practices. There is a need for management considerations in the construction and maintenance of park areas, including golf courses, to ensure environmentally sustainable stormwater control. The storm water management model (SWMM) is widely used for urban drainage design, but there is a gap in its ability to simulate diffuse pollutant sources and the effectiveness of green infrastructure (GI)/low impact development (LID) designs. Stormwater treatment wetlands offer advantages in function, habitat, and aesthetics, but there is a need for more research on their technical, functional, and aesthetic viability in controlling nonpoint source water pollution. Permeable pavement systems have limited uptake due to a lack of scientific understanding and economic uncertainties, highlighting the need for further research on design factors, performance, and maintenance procedures. Golf courses have the potential to become leaders in sustainable design and hydrological concerns, but more research is needed on integrating golf course design theory with environmentally sound stormwater management practices.
What is the effectiveness of low impact development techniques in managing storm water and sustainability?5 answersLow impact development (LID) techniques have been found to be effective in managing stormwater and promoting sustainability. LID strategies such as green streets, rain barrels, and LID facilities have shown promising results in reducing runoff and mitigating flooding problems. These techniques have been found to reduce runoff by around 20% for short events and 19% for extreme events, as well as decrease flooded nodes and peak flooding systems. LID facilities, such as permeable pavements and raingardens, have demonstrated high retention rates, with up to 98.3% of rainfall being retained. The implementation of LID in shallow mountainous areas has also been successful in reducing peak flow rates and outflow volumes, as well as supplementing landscape water systems. Overall, LID techniques have proven to be effective in managing stormwater, reducing flood risks, and improving the hydrological cycle, making them valuable tools for sustainable urban development.
How can wastewater and stormwater management be improved to better protect the environment and public health?4 answersWastewater and stormwater management can be improved to better protect the environment and public health through various strategies. Firstly, well-designed and well-functioning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and reliable sanitation systems can significantly limit the risk of viral contamination, such as SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater. Additionally, the integration of targeted and bulk RNA sequencing can track the viral, bacterial, and functional content of wastewater, allowing for early detection of pathogens and monitoring of public health. Furthermore, the use of advanced wastewater treatment methods, such as biological, electrochemical, and physicochemical methods, can effectively remove emerging contaminants and pollutants from wastewater. Moreover, the utilization of microalgae and zeolite-based materials shows promise in the remediation of wastewater, including the removal of nutrient loads and organic pollutants. By implementing these strategies, wastewater and stormwater management can be enhanced to safeguard the environment and public health.
What are the different categories of stormwater pollutants?5 answersStormwater pollutants can be categorized into different groups. One category includes general water quality parameters such as organic and suspended matter, nutrients, and pH. Another category consists of metals like Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pt, and Zn. PAHs (naphthalene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene) are also considered as stormwater pollutants. Herbicides like pendimethalin, phenmedipham, glyphosate, and terbutylazine are another category of pollutants. Additionally, stormwater can contain industrially derived compounds such as nonylphenol ethoxylates, pentachlorophenol, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, PCB-28, and methyl tert-butyl ether. Stormwater pollution can also include various organic and mineral pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, tire wear particles, pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes. Furthermore, stormwater can be contaminated by a range of chemical substances, including metals, PAHs, PCBs, organotins, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, and VOCs.