How do peroxisomes work?4 answersPeroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, including the oxidation of fatty acids and the destruction of reactive oxygen species. Peroxisomes collaborate with other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts to carry out their functions. Peroxisomes import most of their metabolic enzymes from the cytosol using mobile receptors. These receptors accompany the cargo proteins into the peroxisomal lumen and then return to the cytosol for another import cycle. The recycling of receptors requires monoubiquitination by a membrane-embedded ubiquitin ligase complex composed of PEX2, PEX10, and PEX12 proteins. Recent cryo-electron microscopy studies have revealed that this complex functions as a retro-translocation channel for the import receptors, allowing their extraction into the cytosol. Dysfunction in peroxisome biogenesis or function can lead to severe human diseases, highlighting the importance of peroxisomes for overall health.
How plant cell communicate ?5 answersPlant cells communicate through a process called cell-to-cell communication, which is essential for growth, differentiation, development, and metabolic functions. This communication is facilitated by special structures called plasmodesmata, which allow the passage of signals and molecules between cells. Plasmodesmata are small channels that can change in size according to the needs of the plant. In addition to plasmodesmata, plants have evolved plant-specific symplasmic communication networks via plasmodesmata and the phloem, which enable the movement of proteins, RNAs, nutrients, and signaling molecules between cells. There is also evidence of electrical signals in plants, although the mechanism and role of these signals are not well understood. Overall, plant cell communication involves the exchange of signals and molecules through plasmodesmata and other communication networks, allowing for coordinated growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli.
What are the organelles of plant and animal cells?5 answersPlant cells and animal cells both contain various organelles that perform specific functions within the cell. Some of the organelles found in plant cells include the mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The mitochondria are responsible for energy production, while chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and transport, and the golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins. Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down molecules. Animal cells also contain these organelles, along with additional ones such as centrioles, which are involved in cell division. It is worth noting that the number and function of organelles can vary between different organisms, indicating their evolution. Overall, organelles play a crucial role in the functioning of both plant and animal cells.
What organelles are found in cells of Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum?5 answersAgaricostilbum pulcherrimum is a heterobasidiomycete fungus that possesses several organelles in its cells. Electron microscopic studies have revealed the presence of a spindle pole body (SPB) during meiosis, which consists of a large middle piece and two lateral, multilayered discs. Additionally, the presence of a new spindle pole body on the nuclear face of the original disc has been observed during post-telophase I to interphase I. Furthermore, during early meiosis II, the two discs of a nucleus are unequal in size. These findings suggest that Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum contains organelles such as the spindle pole body that are involved in nuclear division and meiotic processes.
What is the function of the peroxisom?3 answersPeroxisomes are organelles with diverse functions essential for eukaryotic cell function and human health. They are involved in respiration using hydrogen peroxide, β-oxidation of fatty acids, plasmalogen, cholesterol and bile acid synthesis, catabolism of purines and polyamines, cell signaling, the glyoxylate cycle, immune defense, and collaborate metabolically with the ER, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Failures of peroxisome function or biogenesis cause grave childhood illnesses and are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. Peroxisomes also play a central role in human physiology by catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions and require interaction with other organelles including lipid droplets, lysosomes, the ER, and mitochondria. They are involved in lipid metabolism, redox metabolism, and the antiviral defense system. Peroxisomes are formed by growth and division, with some contribution from the ER, and their abundance and repertoire of enzymes are regulated in response to environmental demands.
What are the functions of ribosomes plant cell?5 answersRibosomes in plant cells have several functions. They aid in rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions due to the sessile nature of plants. Ribosomes also play a role in translational regulation during development, as evidenced by ribosomal-protein-defective mutants showing developmental phenotypes. Additionally, ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis necessary for growth and development in plants. Recent studies suggest that the ribosome has a regulatory role in plant development, similar to its role in animals. Furthermore, plants have specialized ribosomes that regulate mRNA translation and control protein synthesis, which contributes to ribosome heterogeneity. Overall, the functions of ribosomes in plant cells include gene expression regulation, translational regulation during development, protein synthesis, and potential regulatory roles in plant development.