What are the effects of cold sintering on the microstructure and properties of BCZT ceramics?
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Cold sintering of BCZT ceramics has various effects on their microstructure and properties. The introduction of an activating additive, such as zinc acetate, during the cold sintering process improves the density and microstructure of the ceramics . The cold-sintered BCZT ceramics tend to retain a substantial part of the tetragonal phase at lower annealing temperatures, while the cubic phase dominates at higher annealing temperatures . The cold sintering technique allows for densification at significantly lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and improving compatibility with electronic components . The sintering atmosphere, such as air, oxygen, argon, or vacuum, affects the oxygen vacancy concentration, crystal structure, and electrical properties of the ceramics . The use of a two-step sintering method can eliminate secondary phases and result in a pure tetragonal BCZT perovskite phase with improved electromechanical properties . The cold sintering process can achieve high density and comparable electrical properties to conventionally sintered ceramics, but may result in pinched hysteresis loops and limited piezoelectric properties due to grain boundary defects and dislocations .
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