What are the historical milestones in the study and understanding of neurotoxicity?
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Historical milestones in the study and understanding of neurotoxicity include the identification of nerve poisons in ancient times, with modern physiological and biochemical experimentation revealing their actions and mechanisms . Selective neurotoxins, such as nerve growth factor and other identified compounds, have been pivotal in targeting specific nerve populations for destruction or dysfunction . The development of in vitro neurotoxicological studies has gained prominence since the late 80s, aiming to utilize molecular and biochemical markers to assess neurotoxicity more effectively, especially in the context of potential drug actions . Additionally, the use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided a valuable model for studying neurotoxicity due to its genetic tools and well-documented orthologs to human genes, enabling research on various neurotoxic agents like manganese, arsenic, and nicotine . Excitotoxicity, linked to neuronal death through excitatory amino acid receptors, has been a significant focus in understanding acute and chronic neurologic diseases .
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| Historical milestones include the discovery of glutamate neurotoxicity, excitotoxins by Olney, excitatory amino acid receptor activation leading to cell death, and links to oxidative stress through free radicals and nitric oxide. | |
| Caenorhabditis elegans has facilitated neurotoxicity studies due to its genetic tools and orthologs to human genes. It has been pivotal in exploring neurotoxic effects of various agents. | |
| Historical milestones in neurotoxicity research include the shift towards in vitro studies since the late 80s, identification of specific molecular markers like HSP70 protein-chaperones, and correlation with glutathione system dysfunction. | |
| Historical milestones in neurotoxicity research include advancements in detecting functional impairments preceding cell death, addressing challenges in sensitivity, and exploring risks from various sources like nanomaterials and poverty. |
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