Is there a gold standard for polymeric nanoparticle fabrication?5 answersA gold standard for polymeric nanoparticle fabrication involves various methods reported in the literature. Techniques such as direct fabrication of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) within a polymer matrix using a thermal treatment process, decoration of polymer molds with plasmonic gold nanoparticle arrays, and single-step synthesis of Au nanoparticles in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) without external agentshave been proposed. Additionally, UV-induced radical polymerization combined with gold nanoparticle formation in situ within a polymer matrix has been demonstrated as a versatile method for fabricating plasmonic and conductive metal structures. Furthermore, plasmon-driven photopolymerization has been shown to be an efficient method for preparing metal/polymer hybrid nanostructures by triggering the photopolymerization of a monomer using localized surface plasmon resonances of Au nanoparticles.
What are the in situ polymerization methods utilized to incorporating nanoparticles into composites?3 answersIn-situ polymerization methods have been utilized to incorporate nanoparticles into composites. One method involves grafting polyacrylic acid (PAA) membranes onto layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets, resulting in improved compatibility and dispersibility of the nanoparticles. Another method involves the surface modification of detonation nanodiamonds to achieve dispersability in methyl methacrylate, using classical radical polymerization and reversible chain-transfer polymerization. A copper II complex is synthesized and evaluated as a photoredox catalyst/photoinitiator for the radical polymerization of ethylene glycol diacrylate, resulting in the production of polymer nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles. Conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles are in-situ synthesized in the presence of barium titanate (BT) or hydroxylated BaTiO3 (BTOH) particles, and then incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to prepare composites with high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, and high breakdown strength. Samarium-doped titanium dioxide (Sm3+-doped TiO2) nanoparticles are incorporated into poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) composites using free radical polymerization, resulting in improved flame resistance, thermal stability, and electrical properties.
Is there an application that nanoparticle-reinforced thermoplastic or thermoset composites have demonstrated superior performance?5 answersNanoparticle-reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset composites have demonstrated superior performance in various applications. These composites have shown improved properties such as wear resistance, specific strength/stiffness, corrosion resistance, high temperature strength, and damping properties. In the field of protective applications, para-aramid fiber reinforced composites with thermoplastic matrices have gained interest due to their superior mechanical properties and better energy absorption. Additionally, the application of nanofibers and nanoparticles as reinforcements has been found to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, reduce impact-induced damage, and improve compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. Furthermore, the use of thermoplastic matrix composites has advantages in terms of repair procedures and recyclability, making them suitable for structural applications.
What are the most common polymeric nanoparticle fabrication techniques?5 answersPolymeric nanoparticles can be fabricated using various techniques such as emulsion polymerization, electrospinning, spin coating, and nanoprecipitation. Emulsion polymerization is commonly used for the fabrication of zero-dimensional (0D) polymeric nanoparticles. Electrospinning is another technique used to produce one-dimensional (1D) polymeric nanofibers. Spin coating is a method employed for the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) polymeric nanosheets. Nanoprecipitation, on the other hand, is a versatile technique that can be used to construct various polymeric nanostructures, including core-shell morphologies and colloids with equilibrium or out-of-equilibrium morphologies. These fabrication techniques allow for the precise control of the nanostructure and enable the engineering of multifunctional polymeric nanoparticles for a wide range of applications.
How to prepare polymer nanoparticles with UCNPs?5 answersPolymer nanoparticles with UCNPs can be prepared by various methods. One method involves grafting a spiropyran derivative and a naphthalimide derivative onto a polyamino ester to obtain an amphiphilic polymer. This polymer can self-assemble in water to form micellar nanoparticles that exhibit light-controlled fluorescence change, controlled release, and degradability properties. Another method involves cladding UCNPs with a thin cyclodextrin carbon layer through low-temperature cyclodextrin carbonization. This process converts hydrophobic upconversion nanomaterial into a hydrophilic form, improving biocompatibility and stability. Additionally, functionalized UCNPs with a coating of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have been synthesized for potential use as contrast agents in swept source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT). The UCNPs with PVP coating showed better results in terms of scattering coefficients and contrast-to-noise ratio. Surface modification of UCNPs with polyacrylic acid (PAA) has also been explored to facilitate interaction with specific bacteria for biosensor applications.
Are there polyester-based nanoparticles fabricated with nanoprecipitation?5 answersPolyester-based nanoparticles fabricated with nanoprecipitation have been reported in the literature. Sokołowska et al. synthesized poly(butylene adipate)-co-(dilinol adipate) (PBA-DLA) nanoparticles using enzymatic synthesis and confirmed their chemical structure using 1H NMR. Yang et al. developed a salt-induced nanoprecipitation method to fabricate polymer nanoparticles with high drug loading, demonstrating the versatility of the technique for different polymers. Yan et al. highlighted the capability of nanoprecipitation in controlling the fabrication of various polymeric nanostructures, including core-shell morphologies. Beck-Broichsitter investigated the effect of organic solvents on the size properties of polymer nanoparticles prepared by nanoprecipitation. Therefore, there are several studies that have successfully utilized nanoprecipitation to fabricate polyester-based nanoparticles.