What are parts of blood?5 answersBlood is composed of four main parts: plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Plasma is the fluid component of blood, while red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are the cellular elements. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. White blood cells and platelets play roles in immune defense and maintaining normal hemostasis during vascular injury. The buffy coat, a whitish viscous-like layer, is composed of white blood cells and platelets. Blood group antigens, which are found on the surface of red cells, have various physiological functional roles. The cellular composition of blood is regulated, dynamic, and multifunctional. The two primary blood cell types are red blood cells and white blood cells, with red blood cells primarily functioning in gas transport and white blood cells having roles in cellular defense and immunity. Platelets also play a role in blood clotting.
What is the effect of protein on blood glucose?4 answersProtein has various effects on blood glucose levels. Consuming 50g of protein can cause dose-dependent hyperglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). On the other hand, a high protein breakfast has been shown to suppress postprandial glucose levels after breakfast, lunch, and dinner. However, a study based on NHANES data found that higher protein intake is associated with worse glycemic control in diabetic subjects. Additionally, protein consumption can improve insulin resistance without affecting lipid profiles, and higher intake of animal protein can improve β-cell function and lower plasma triglycerides. Overall, the effect of protein on blood glucose can vary depending on factors such as the type of diabetes, protein source, and quantity consumed.
What is the general proteomic profile of human plasma?5 answersThe general proteomic profile of human plasma is a rich source of information about an individual's health state and can inform medical decision making. Plasma contains a wide range of proteins, including traditional "plasma proteins," tissue proteins, and immunoglobulin sequences. It has a dynamic range of protein concentrations and can be used for biomarker discovery and validation in cancer research. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics allows for specific and quantitative analysis of the plasma proteome, enabling the identification of potential biomarkers. However, standardizing proteomic approaches and addressing the heterogeneity of proteins in different tissues remain challenges. Deep reference proteomes of erythrocytes, platelets, plasma, and whole blood have been acquired to assess sample quality and prevent miss-assignment of biomarker candidates. Guidelines and online resources have been developed to evaluate sample-related bias in clinical studies.
Are there proteins in a cell?4 answersYes, there are proteins in a cell. Proteins are diverse and versatile components of living organisms, performing a variety of cellular functions such as acting as catalysts, receptors, carriers, regulators of gene expression, and components of cellular machinery. Proteins interact with DNA, RNA, other proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other molecules, transmitting signals, controlling activities, transporting substances, and participating in various biological processes. Proteins are found in every subcellular compartment and can be secreted into the extracellular space, modifying the cell's surroundings or affecting other cells. The history of protein science has largely focused on studying proteins in test tubes, but this approach sacrifices the spatial and temporal heterogeneity that defines the cell. To understand protein function in the cell, new experimental and computational technologies have been developed, such as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and site-specific incorporation of photo-crosslinking probes. In summary, proteins play a central role in cellular processes and their study in the cell environment is essential for a comprehensive understanding of their function.
What are the different functions of proteins in the body?5 answersProteins in the body have various functions. They serve as enzymes, which are important for catalyzing chemical reactions in cells. Proteins also play a role in muscle contraction, physical stabilization of the body, and transportation of materials in body fluids. They are involved in gene regulation and are crucial for the proper functioning of cells in living systems. Additionally, proteins are responsible for the sense of smell, taste, and vision in vertebrates and insects. They generate energy, transport and store molecules, and provide mechanical support and movement. Proteins also transmit nerve impulses and play a role in growth and differentiation. Understanding the structures, functions, and interactions of proteins is important for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Overall, proteins are essential for the existence of life and have a wide variety of functions in the human body.
Whole blood proteome?4 answersThe whole blood proteome has been studied in several papers. Kreft et al. investigated the impact of whole blood donation on individual blood donors and highlighted the importance of biomonitoring in understanding this impact. Semancikova et al. discussed the role of platelets in hemostasis and other physiological processes, suggesting their involvement in the whole blood proteome. Al-Thani et al. focused on the effect of blood storage on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteome, identifying proteins that quantitatively change during storage and may contribute to adverse posttransfusion outcomes. Pasini et al. discussed the historical developments in blood transfusion and highlighted the use of proteomics technologies to study changes in the whole blood proteome during storage, which can impact the quality of transfused RBCs. Gwon et al. screened potential biomarker genes and proteins from whole blood to diagnose atherosclerosis, suggesting the potential use of the whole blood proteome in clinical settings.