What is entreprenear?4 answersEntendre, originating from the Latin etymon INTENDERE, encompasses meanings of "to direct towards something," "to understand," and "to listen" within troubadour lyric and fin'amor vocabulary. In the realm of social sciences, observation and interviews serve as essential scientific techniques when systematically planned and controlled to understand phenomena, with the aim of questioning and examining rather than just seeing or listening. Additionally, a critical analysis of the concept of "entretien" in social sciences highlights its distinction from qualitative interviews and its role as a unique mode of communication, emphasizing challenges related to representation, interpretation, transitioning from oral to written formats, and the diversity of interview forms. Moreover, Hsiang's refutational proof method for first-order predicate calculus with equality, integrated into the ENprover theorem prover, demonstrates the application of term rewriting and superposition rules in theorem proving systems.
What are auto-encoders?4 answersAutoencoders are neural networks that consist of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder compresses the input data into a lower-dimensional representation, while the decoder reconstructs the original input from this representation. Autoencoders have been applied to various domains, such as 3D data reconstruction, noise reduction in astronomical images, compression of Boolean threshold networks, enhancing information interaction in automatic modulation recognition, and unsupervised multiview representation learning. They have shown success in tasks like reconstructing 3D data with high accuracy, reducing noise in astronomical images while retaining morphological information, and compressing input vectors into a lower-dimensional representation. Autoencoders have also been used to improve the recognition accuracy of automatic modulation recognition modelsand to encode high-dimensional heterogeneous data into a compact representation.
What is the rotamer library?4 answersA rotamer library is a collection of conformations or isomers that amino acid side chains can adopt in a protein structure. These libraries are used in protein modeling to guide the prediction of side chain positions and interactions. Different strategies are employed to generate rotamer libraries, including using predetermined dihedral angle lists derived from high-quality protein structures. Backbone-dependent rotamer libraries are commonly used, but they may not be suitable for modeling cyclic peptides and other constrained peptides. To address this, explicit-solvent metadynamics simulations are used to create rotamer libraries with high coverage in the (ϕ, ψ) space. Sequence-dependent rotamer libraries can also be constructed from simulations of all possible tripeptides, which provide rotameric states dependent on adjacent amino acids. The choice of rotamer library can impact the accuracy of side chain prediction and sequence design experiments. Additionally, rotamer libraries for non-canonical amino acids, such as d-amino acids, can be derived from molecular dynamics simulations to expand the available sequence space for protein design.
What is the best categorical features encoders?4 answersThe best categorical feature encoders vary depending on the specific use case and requirements. One approach is to use one-hot encoding, which represents each category as a binary vector. However, this can lead to high-dimensional representations and memory concerns. Another approach is to use embedding techniques, where each category is mapped to a distinct vector and the properties of the vector are learned during training. This can provide higher accuracy and use less memory compared to one-hot encoding. Additionally, there are libraries such as CatBoost and category_encoders that provide implementations of categorical feature encoders and are compatible with popular machine learning frameworks. Ultimately, the choice of the best categorical feature encoder depends on the specific requirements and constraints of the problem at hand.
How to use rotary evaporator?5 answersA rotary evaporator is a laboratory device used for various purposes. To use a rotary evaporator, the following steps can be followed. First, set up the rotary evaporator by connecting the necessary components such as the evaporator body, rotary bottle, and seat frame. Next, turn on the switch and adjust the height of the supporting plate and water bath kettle using the electric push rod. Then, rotate the screw rod using the motor to move the pulley, which in turn moves the water bath kettle to a convenient position for cleaning. Another type of rotary evaporator is designed for high-efficiency separation of saccharide intermediates. It includes features such as an evaporation cylinder, control panel, driving box, feeding mechanism, and heater. Additionally, there is a rotary evaporator capable of recovering multiple solvents simultaneously. It replaces the distilling bottle, condenser, and collecting bottle with multiple counterparts, and uses connectors and porous pipe structures for communication. Finally, a rotary evaporator for preparing brominated epoxy resin eliminates the need for water bath heating and water cooling devices, reducing production costs.
How to work rotary embedding in NLP?5 answersRotary embedding in NLP refers to the use of rotation matrices to encode positional information in transformer-based language models. This approach, known as Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE), allows for the modeling of dependency between elements at different positions in a sequence. RoPE provides flexibility in handling sequences of different lengths, decays inter-token dependency with increasing relative distances, and can be used to incorporate relative position encoding in linear self-attention. The enhanced transformer model, called RoFormer, achieves superior performance in tasks involving long texts. FLAIR is an NLP framework that simplifies the training and distribution of sequence labeling, text classification, and language models. It provides a unified interface for different types of word and document embeddings, handles model training and hyperparameter selection, and includes a data fetching module for easy experiment setup. FLAIR also offers a model zoo of pre-trained models for researchers to use.