What are the forms of curriculum for medical students?4 answersThere are three forms of curriculum for medical students: traditional, integrated, and problem-based learning (PBL). The traditional curriculum involves teaching basic medical science through lectures and later focusing on clinical skills and applying medical knowledge in clinical settings. Integrated curricula take a holistic approach, teaching medical science in relation to whole systems and linking knowledge with practice. PBL curricula focus on problem-solving and critical thinking, with students actively engaging in their learning process. In terms of teaching medical students to teach, formal teaching skills training is not always provided, but existing curricula usually include short courses on planning and delivering learning activities and providing feedback. Students prefer interactive and experiential learning methods, and direct observation and feedback are valued assessment methods. Overall, a combined formal-informal mode of teaching is recommended to develop professionalism among medical students.
How can the cellular structures be examined?5 answersCellular structures can be examined through a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Experimental testing involves the design of special cellular specimens for various types of mechanical tests, such as tensile, bending, compression, shear, and fatigue testing. These tests are performed on samples with cellular structures, which are designs themselves, and require different procedures for strength testing and interpretation of results compared to homogeneous materials. Numerical simulations using the finite element method can also be conducted to analyze the stress-strain states of cell structures and establish their mechanical properties. Additionally, a method for analyzing cell structures includes a macroanalysis step, where an anisotropic solid body is created to replace the cell structure and determine the stress distribution, and a microanalysis step, where a finite element model of the aimed cell structure is created to determine the stress distribution.
What are the different types of unit cells?5 answersClosed-cell metal foams can be constructed using different unit cell topologies such as Kelvin, Weaire-Phelan, rhombicuboctahedron, octahedral, and truncated cube. For reflectarray unit elements in 5G applications, three different unit cell configurations have been compared: cross shape dielectric resonator, cross microstrip patch, and cross hybrid dielectric resonator. Lightweight cylindrical lattice materials can be designed using five different unit cells including edge structure, vertex structure, face center structure, interconnect vertex structure, and cross face center structure. Open-cell tessellated cellular structures can be created using different unit cell types such as cube, rhombic dodecahedron, Kelvin, Weaire-Phelan, and diamond. Unit cells representing the micro-structure of a biaxial stitched fiber mat can be used to estimate numerical permeability in liquid composite molding technologies.
What are the most common mammalian cells used in structural biology?5 answersMammalian cells are commonly used in structural biology for the production of recombinant glycoproteins. These cells have enabled the investigation of large, multi-domain, and highly glycosylated eukaryotic cell surface receptors and their assemblies. While Escherichia coli is the dominant expression system in structural biology, many mammalian and eukaryotic viral proteins require post-translational modifications and expression in higher eukaryotic cell lines. Mammalian cells offer a good production system for complex biologic products that require proper post-translational processing and folding. The cellular origin, structure, and function of trophoblastic giant cells and binucleate cells have also been studied in mammals. The mammalian protein synthetic machinery has been investigated as a model system to understand the importance of structural organization for in vivo cell function.
What are organizational structures?5 answersOrganizational structures refer to the way in which an organization manages its resources and arranges its human beings in order to achieve its goals. It involves the placement of resources in a relationship that is interrelated and interactive, with the aim of realizing the organizational goals. Organizational structures can vary and may include different types such as functional, hierarchical, or virtual structures. These structures define roles, responsibilities, and reporting relationships within the organization, providing a framework for effective decision-making and communication. The design of organizational structures can be influenced by factors such as the organization's environment, technological advancements, and the need for flexibility and adaptability. Organizational structures play a crucial role in shaping the culture, operations, and overall success of a company. They impact communication channels, decision-making processes, and the ability to adapt to changes in the market and industry.
What are the different types of cellular pathology?4 answersCellular pathology encompasses various types of abnormalities in cells. One type is the accumulation of abnormal proteins and the formation of inclusion bodies, which are observed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Another type is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, which are composed of paired helical filaments and are found in brain regions affected by Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, cytoplasmic inclusions called Hirano bodies and granulovacuolar degeneration can be observed in the hippocampi of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. These different types of cellular pathology provide insights into the underlying mechanisms and diagnostic criteria of neurodegenerative diseases.