How can the RSM method be used to optimize the culture conditions for the production of recombinant protein?4 answersThe Response Surface Methodology (RSM) can be used to optimize culture conditions for the production of recombinant protein. RSM involves the use of statistical models to determine the optimal levels of various variables that affect protein production. In the study by Behravan and Hashemi, RSM was used to optimize culture conditions for the production of the 4D5MOC-B scFv fragment in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Similarly, Indriyani et al. used RSM to determine the optimum conditions for the extracellular secretion of human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) in E. coli. Lipničanová et al. employed RSM to optimize the composition of the propagation medium for the maximum biomass yield of recombinant E. coli. Zare et al. used RSM to determine the optimal culture conditions for the expression of reteplase in E. coli. RSM allows for the identification of the optimal levels of various variables, such as temperature, shaking speed, pH, and nutrient concentrations, to maximize protein production in recombinant systems.
What are the principles of recombinant protein production in eukaryotic cells?4 answersRecombinant protein production in eukaryotic cells involves several principles. Firstly, the selection of mammalian cell lines that produce high levels of recombinant proteins is crucial. This allows for a simple and fast selection process, reducing the time and effort required to bring therapeutic proteins to patients. Secondly, the use of an improved gene expression system can enhance the yield and quality of protein production. This system is particularly effective in increasing protein production in cultured eukaryotic cells. Thirdly, the recombinant production of functionally active growth factors in Escherichia coli can significantly reduce the cost of cell culture medium, making it more affordable for applications such as cell-cultured meat production and tissue engineering. Lastly, the cultivation of eukaryotic cells in a medium containing specific compounds, such as HDAC inhibitors, can enhance the production of polypeptides. These principles contribute to the successful recombinant production of proteins in eukaryotic cells.
What are the steps involved in making recombinant medicine?3 answersRecombinant medicine involves several steps in its production. First, the exogenous DNA is inserted into the host cell, which can be achieved using different methods. The choice of the producing cell is crucial for efficient production and quality of the recombinant protein. Once the cell line is established, the protein of interest, such as antibodies or adalimumab, can be produced. Mammalian cell culture, particularly Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, is commonly used for this purpose. The production of recombinant proteins has expanded significantly in volume and price, leading to ethical questions and the need for evaluation of efficacy and safety standards. Advances in recombinant protein production in mammalian cell lines have been addressed in recent patents. Overall, the steps involved in making recombinant medicine include DNA insertion, selection of producing cells, protein production, and evaluation of efficacy and safety.
What are the steps involved in microbial biofertilizer production?5 answersMicrobial biofertilizer production involves several steps. First, pure cultures or mother cultures of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi are produced. Then, a biofertilizer is prepared using one of the pure cultures or mother cultures from each species of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. Multi-spore cultures of each species of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi are produced using the pure cultures or mother cultures. Finally, a biofertilizer is prepared using a mixture of the respective multi-spore cultures of the fungi. These steps can be repeated as necessary. Additionally, the formulation of biofertilizers involves mixing a suitable carrier with the inoculant, providing optimal conditions during storage, packaging, and dispatch, and ensuring survival and establishment after introduction into soils. Quality control is also important in the production of biofertilizers.
What enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of ethanol by microorganisms?5 answersEthanol biosynthesis in microorganisms involves several enzymes. Pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) is one of the key enzymes involved in the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol. Another important enzyme is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol. In some microorganisms, such as Zymomonas mobilis, pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase II (adhII) are responsible for ethanol production. Additionally, glucoamylase is an enzyme that can promote the degradation of starch material to glucose, which can then be fermented to ethanol. Hemicellulases, such as endoxylanase, β-xylosidase, acetylxylan esterase, α-d-glucuronidase, and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, are also involved in the biosynthesis of ethanol from xylan substrates.
What are the steps of enzyme engineering?5 answersEnzyme engineering involves several steps to modify enzymes for improved catalytic efficiency, stability, and specificity. Four main approaches are commonly followed in enzyme engineering: structure-guided enzymatic protein engineering, consensus designing, directed evolution, and in silico or computational protein designing. Structure-guided enzymatic protein engineering involves specific modifications based on the enzyme's structure. Consensus designing aims to enhance multienzyme activity by changing localization or enzyme folding. Directed evolution utilizes enzyme mutation and sequence libraries to select better variants with desired properties. In silico or computational protein designing is a fast-evolving approach that uses computer simulations to modify enzyme activity. These approaches can address functional shortcomings of native enzymes and improve their stability and specificity for commercial applications.