What is a promoter in mammalian cells?
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In mammalian cells, a promoter is a crucial region of DNA that initiates the process of transcription by binding transcription factors to specific sequences called transcription response elements (TREs). Promoters play a vital role in controlling gene expression and can be natural or synthetic. Synthetic promoters, derived from natural TREs, are engineered to regulate the expression of exogenous genes using the cell's own transcription machinery. They are essential for various applications in biological research, such as reporter gene assays, biomarker development, and constructing synthetic circuits within living cells. Additionally, promoters can vary in strength, and their selection is critical for achieving desired levels of gene expression. Understanding the functionality and characteristics of promoters is fundamental for manipulating gene expression in mammalian cells effectively.
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| Papers (5) | Insight |
|---|---|
| Promoters in mammalian cells are DNA sequences that initiate gene transcription. This study identifies and enhances endogenous promoters in Chinese hamster ovary cells for improved recombinant protein production. | |
5 Citations | A promoter in mammalian cells is a region where transcription initiation occurs. MNase-Seq can analyze chromatin opening at promoters, aiding in understanding gene regulation and chromatin dynamics. |
| A promoter in mammalian cells, like the PGK and CMV promoters in the vector, initiates gene expression by binding transcription factors for transcribing specific genes. | |
| A promoter in mammalian cells is a region where transcription factors bind to initiate gene expression. Synthetic promoters can be engineered for precise control of gene expression in various applications. | |
11 Citations | A promoter in mammalian cells is a DNA sequence that controls gene expression by initiating transcription. Synthetic promoters can regulate multiple genes at specific ratios in engineered cells. |
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What are cis element of promoter region of gene?4 answersCis-regulatory elements are sequences located in the promoter region of a gene that control its expression. These elements include various types such as TCA-elements, ABRE, MYC, 3-AF1 binding site, MTE, DPE-like motif, DRM, and multiple Sp1 and HoxA9 binding sites. Cis-regulatory elements play important roles in plant bio/abiotic stress resistance, gene expression at all developmental stages, and stress adaptation in plants. They are also involved in the improvement of industrial production, synthetic expression cassettes construction, and the development of stress-tolerant plants. Understanding the structure and regulation of cis-regulatory elements can lead to the development of uniform expression systems, highly predictable results, and improved crop varieties through genetic engineering and genome editing approaches.
What are the different types of tissue specific promoters?5 answersTissue-specific promoters are important for controlling the spatial and temporal expression of genes in plants. They are divided into three types: constitutive, spatiotemporal, and condition-dependent. Constitutive promoters are widely used but can have negative effects on plant growth. Tissue-specific promoters are more desirable as they allow for fine-tuning of agronomic traits and development of crops with tolerance to stresses and enhanced productivity. However, the use of tissue-specific promoters in crop biotechnology has been limited. In recent studies, high-throughput transcriptional data has been used to discover tissue-specific promoters in soybean and bananas. These studies identified tissue-specific genes and their corresponding promoters, which contained tissue-specific cis-elements. The use of in silico analysis and transcriptome data has proven to be effective in identifying tissue-specific promoters, reducing analysis time and cost.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tissue specific promoters?5 answersTissue-specific promoters have several advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that they allow for precise control of gene expression in specific tissues, such as roots, leaves, or flowers. This specificity can be useful in avoiding potential negative effects caused by constitutive promoters. Tissue-specific promoters also enable the development of vectors targeted to specific tissues or tumor microenvironments, which can be beneficial in gene therapy. Additionally, tissue-specific promoters can be induced or repressed by various factors, providing flexibility in gene expression regulation. However, there are also disadvantages to using tissue-specific promoters. One disadvantage is that the availability of tissue-specific promoters is limited compared to constitutive promoters. Furthermore, the efficiency of tissue-specific promoters within genetic constructs can vary, and their function may be influenced by developmental abnormalities or other factors. Overall, tissue-specific promoters offer precise control over gene expression, but their limited availability and variable efficiency should be considered when designing genetic constructs.
How is sialation important in the production of protein via mammalian cell culture?3 answersSialylation is important in the production of protein via mammalian cell culture because it plays a critical role in modulating the efficacy and quality of therapeutic glycoproteins. Glycosylation, including sialylation, is a protein quality attribute that can affect the therapeutic efficacy of a glycoprotein. Obtaining a consistent glycoform profile is desired for regulatory purposes and to ensure the desired therapeutic efficacy. Studies have shown that optimizing sialylation can improve therapeutic efficacy and is an ongoing goal for researchers in academia and industry. Methods such as the addition of sialic acid (SA) or D-galactose to the cell culture process have been shown to increase sialylation levels, resulting in improved protein productivity. These methods have been found to increase viable cell density, cell viability, reduce lactate production, and increase antibody expression. Additionally, optimizing sialylation has been shown to have no significant effect on other protein characteristics such as aggregation level and glycosylation pattern.
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