What lagged phase synchronisation reffering to eeg analysis?5 answersLagged phase synchronization in EEG analysis refers to the phenomenon where signals from brain regions with different frequencies exhibit a delay in their phase relationship. This lag synchronization can be observed between different brain oscillators, indicating interactions among multiple brain regions. Studies have shown that the direction of phase delay between EEG channels is influenced by the characteristic frequency of the sources, with a higher frequency channel leading to a phase delay towards a lower frequency channel. Lag synchronization in EEG can provide insights into the coordination and communication between different brain regions, shedding light on the underlying dynamics of brain networks.
What is meant by a higgs condensate?5 answersA Higgs condensate refers to the phenomenon where the Higgs field acquires a non-zero vacuum expectation value, leading to the spontaneous breaking of symmetry in certain phases of matter. This condensate plays a crucial role in the Higgs mechanism, which gives mass to particles in the Standard Model of particle physics. The Higgs condensate is considered a symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase, characterized by higher-form symmetries and boundary anomalies. It is associated with rich phenomenology, such as superconductivity, and can exhibit edge modes and phase transitions in the presence of specific symmetries. Overall, the Higgs condensate represents a fundamental aspect of modern theoretical physics, explaining the origin of mass and the behavior of particles in the universe.
What are the subtypes of HIGM?5 answersThe subtypes of Hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM) include mutations in CD40 ligand (CD40L) and IKK-gamma (NEMO) genes, both X-linked, as well as mutations in CD40, Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AICDA), and Uracil-DNA Glycosylase (UNG), associated with autosomal recessive HIGM syndromes. In a study of Tunisian patients, three CD40LG mutations and three AICDA mutations were identified as the molecular basis of HIGM syndrome, with AID deficiency being the most frequent underlying molecular basis. Other subtypes of HIGM syndrome include autosomal dominant gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD and PIK3R1, which cause combined immunodeficiencies that can also present as CSR/HIGM defects.
What is the Haldane insulator phase?5 answersThe Haldane insulator phase is a gapped phase characterized by an exotic non-local order parameter that emerges in certain models, such as the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model with on-site and nearest-neighbor interactions. In these models, the Haldane insulator phase is characterized by the absence of current flow and the presence of a non-local order parameter. The Haldane insulator phase can also be found in modified Haldane models, where the strength of hopping terms is made unequal and certain symmetries are broken. In these models, the Haldane insulator phase can transition to a higher-order topological insulator phase at specific parameter values. The existence and properties of the Haldane insulator phase have been studied using various methods, including quantum Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations.
What are the phases of the cell cycle?5 answersThe cell cycle is composed of four phases: G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis).
What is phase singularity?5 answersStep 1:
Phase singularity refers to points in space where the phase of a wave becomes undefined or singular. It can be seen in various fields such as optics, cardiac electrophysiology, and computational simulations. In optics, phase singularities are observed in optical vortex beams and can be exploited for improved sensing techniques and device design (Han et al.). In the context of cardiac electrophysiology, phase singularity identification systems are used to locate the organizing centers of spiral waves in the heart muscle, which are targeted for ablation therapy in treating certain heart rhythm disorders (Nam & Seop, Li et al.). Computational simulations also study the influence of phase singularity population size on the dynamics of topological defects, providing insights into the behavior of phase singularities in human atrial and ventricular fibrillation (Jenkins et al.).
Step 3:
Phase singularity refers to points in space where the phase of a wave becomes undefined or singular. It can be seen in various fields such as optics, cardiac electrophysiology, and computational simulations. In optics, phase singularities are observed in optical vortex beams and can be exploited for improved sensing techniques and device design (Han et al.). In the context of cardiac electrophysiology, phase singularity identification systems are used to locate the organizing centers of spiral waves in the heart muscle, which are targeted for ablation therapy in treating certain heart rhythm disorders (Nam & Seop, Li et al.). Computational simulations also study the influence of phase singularity population size on the dynamics of topological defects, providing insights into the behavior of phase singularities in human atrial and ventricular fibrillation (Jenkins et al.).