What is LDL in terms of CVD?
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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) . LDL is typically calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measurements of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides . However, direct methods for accurate detection of LDL are needed due to errors in calculation . LDL has been found to have pro-atherogenic properties, including aggregation, inflammation, apoptosis, and increased binding to arterial proteoglycans . It also exhibits enzymatic activities, such as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), type C phospholipase activity, and ceramidase activity . These enzymatic activities may act in a coordinated manner, suggesting a multienzymatic complex role for LDL . The cholesterol hypothesis, which suggests that raised LDL is directly causal for ASCVD, does not fully explain cardiovascular risk, and an alternative "thrombogenic" hypothesis is proposed . LDL-C concentration is now recognized as a key criterion for assessing cardiovascular risk and guiding clinical management . LDL, particularly the L5 subfraction, has been found to play a role in the development and progression of CVD, especially atherosclerosis .
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| Papers (5) | Insight |
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1 Citations | LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is recognized as a key factor in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and lowering LDL levels reduces the risk of cardiovascular events. |
| LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is a weak predictor of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cannot explain a significant proportion of CVD risk. | |
| LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein and is a type of cholesterol particle. The paper discusses the role of electronegative LDL in cardiovascular disease. | |
21 Citations | LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is reported to play an important role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in relation to atherosclerosis. |
| LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein and is a cardiac biomarker associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). |
Related Questions
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Is ldl a better predictor of cardiovascular risk than total cholesterol?5 answersLDL cholesterol is a crucial predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, as highlighted in various studies. While LDL cholesterol levels are significantly associated with CVD risk, total cholesterol alone may not provide a comprehensive risk assessment. Studies emphasize the importance of LDL cholesterol in predicting CVD risk. Additionally, the concept of remnant cholesterol (RC) has emerged as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events, indicating that lipid components beyond LDL play a role in residual cardiovascular risk. The traditional focus on LDL cholesterol as the primary predictor of CVD risk may need to be expanded to include other lipid components like RC for a more accurate risk assessment. Therefore, while LDL cholesterol remains a critical factor, considering additional lipid components such as RC could enhance the prediction of cardiovascular risk.
What is the lik between type 2 diabetes and CVD?5 answersType 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are closely linked conditions. T2D predisposes individuals to diabetic cardiomyopathy and atherosclerotic CVD, which can lead to heart failure. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this relationship include changes in metabolic profiles, intracellular signaling pathways, energy production, redox status, and extracellular matrix remodeling. T2D and CVD share common risk factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and thrombophilia. The prevalence and incidence of T2D are increasing rapidly worldwide, and CVD is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Metabolic alterations in T2D, such as insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion, contribute to endothelial dysfunction, increased platelet reactivity, and inflammation, all of which accelerate atherosclerotic vascular disease and coronary thrombosis. T2D increases the risk of CVD from two- to four-fold, and the risk assessment and preventive measures should be tailored individually. Targeting cardiovascular risk factors in T2D patients is critical to minimize long-term cardiovascular complications.
What is LDL?4 answersLDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is a type of lipoprotein that plays a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lipid metabolism. It is commonly referred to as "bad cholesterol" because high levels of LDL in the blood are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. LDL can be detected using various methods, including electrochemical platforms and immunosensors. LDL can also be used as a drug carrier for targeted delivery, as it can bind to LDL receptors and enter cells via endocytosis. LDL particles can undergo modifications and internalize into macrophages, contributing to the formation of atherosclerosis plaques. LDL bionanoparticles have been explored for drug delivery to cancer cells, taking advantage of their ability to specifically target cells expressing LDL receptors. Overall, LDL is a crucial component in lipid metabolism and has implications in cardiovascular disease, cancer treatment, and drug delivery.
Is LDL levels a good way of predicting future heart disease?5 answersLDL levels are not a strong predictor of future heart disease. Multiple studies suggest that the cholesterol hypothesis, which states that raised LDL is directly causal for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), does not adequately explain cardiovascular risk in individuals or populations. The use of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) tests in assessing ASCVD risk has undergone changes over the years, with new equations being developed to estimate LDL-C levels more accurately. Large-scale prospective studies have shown that there are independent, continuous associations between lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) levels and the risk of future coronary heart disease (CHD) in a broad range of individuals. Lp(a) levels are stable within individuals across many years and are only weakly correlated with known risk factors. Therefore, it is important to consider factors beyond LDL levels, such as Lp(a) levels, when predicting future heart disease risk.