How does the temperature gradient affect the crystal structure during Bridgman solidification process of silicon?4 answersThe temperature gradient significantly influences the crystal structure during the Bridgman solidification process of silicon. A higher temperature gradient in the range of 5 to 7 °C/cm leads to improved crystallinity, reduced dislocation density, increased carrier mobility, decreased resistivity, and enhanced infrared transmission in GaSb crystals. Additionally, a higher thermal gradient in the range of 13 to 23 °C/mm during directional solidification of a superalloy results in a transition from planar to cellular and dendritic interfaces, effectively reducing dendrite arm spacing and the size of eutectic with increasing solidification rate. These findings highlight the critical role of temperature gradient in controlling crystal quality and structure during the Bridgman solidification process of silicon.
Can the divergent part of a Feynman diagram be temperature dependant?5 answersThe divergent part of a Feynman diagram can be temperature dependent. In high-temperature QCD, the running coupling in the magnetic sector is strongly coupled even after renormalization group improvement. However, if the momentum scale is changed simultaneously with temperature in a specified manner, the coupling decreases. This indicates that the temperature can affect the behavior of the divergent part of the Feynman diagram. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the sum of the QCD up- and down-quark masses and the pion decay constant has been studied, showing that the quark mass increases sharply with increasing temperature near the critical temperature for deconfinement/chiral-symmetry restoration. Therefore, the temperature can have an impact on various aspects of QCD, including the divergent part of Feynman diagrams.
What is the relationship between temperature gradients in wood chips piles and DML?5 answersTemperature gradients in wood chip piles have a relationship with dry matter loss (DML). Piles with small chips have higher temperatures in the high temperature phase (P2) compared to piles with medium chips. Higher temperatures in P2 result in higher dry matter losses, especially in medium chip piles. Additionally, as temperatures drop below 45°C in the low temperature phase (P3), dry matter losses increase. Compaction of chips, layers of fines, and small particles can lead to excessive self-heating and increased dry matter losses. The spread of kappa number distributions in cooking results is affected by temperature gradients in the digester, with stratification of chips reducing the width of the distribution. Therefore, temperature gradients in wood chip piles can impact DML and cooking results.
What is the relationship between the density of ocean water and temperature?5 answersThe density of ocean water is influenced by temperature. Small changes in temperature can increase or decrease the density of water, which can lead to convection and the movement of water in the deep ocean. Additionally, the density of seawater is affected by pressure, and an accurate treatment of seawater density within a deep ocean water mass requires a more sophisticated approach. The distribution of density in the ocean is directly related to horizontal pressure gradients and thus ocean currents. The proposed method of utilizing the density difference of water in the ocean to produce energy through a "chimney effect" also highlights the relationship between density and temperature. Overall, temperature plays a significant role in determining the density of ocean water and has implications for ocean circulation, heat transfer, and energy production.
Is temperature a main driver of animal distribuition?2 answersTemperature is a main driver of animal distribution, but its importance varies depending on the scale and the type of animal. For warm-blooded animals, temperature is just one of many factors that influence their geographic distribution. Homeotherms, such as warm-blooded animals, are less influenced by external temperature fluctuations due to their ability to regulate their own body temperature. However, extreme temperature ranges can limit the distribution of warm-blooded animals. Temperature also plays a role in the equilibrium of natural animal communities, affecting both spatial and temporal distribution. In terms of spatial distribution, temperature can influence both geographic and local distribution of animals. Temperature fluctuations in an animal room can impact the temperature inside cages, highlighting the importance of considering spatial distribution when controlling room temperature. Therefore, while temperature is a significant factor in animal distribution, its influence is influenced by various factors such as species, mobility, and the scale of analysis.
Does magnetization change with temperature?0 answersThe magnetization of materials can change with temperature. In the case of variable flux permanent magnet synchronous machines (VF-PMSMs), the magnet temperature affects magnetization manipulation and maximum torque properties. Atomistic simulations on Co@Fe core-shell nanoparticles also show that magnetization is sensitive to particle size and core-shell ratio, as well as interfacial exchange energy. Studies on ferrimagnetic nanoparticles and diamagnetically substituted ferrites suggest that the temperature dependence of magnetization is related to freezing of canted magnetic structures. Additionally, a model developed using molecular field theory for the titanomagnetites series (Fe3−xTixO4) shows that the magnetization can increase initially with temperature and exhibit a maximum value, depending on the concentration of titanium.