What is the effect of an elevated intracellular 2/3 DPG concentration?
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67 Citations | Both substances caused an increase in the intracellular concentration of IP3. |
52 Citations | From the results it is concluded that 2,3-DPG exerts a dual effect on the Bohr coefficients of whole blood which is mediated 1. by the direct effect of 2,3-DPG on the allosteric properties of hemoglobin (as reflected by changes of the Bohr coefficients referring to red cell pH), and 2. by the effect of 2,3-DPG on ΔpHcell/ΔpHplasma. |
22 Citations | Our data indicate that the concentration of 2,3-DPG in red cells depends on the degree of lactacidosis, but not on the duration of exercise. |
13 Citations | 3 h after transfusion the DPG levels raised up to 40% of the patients' prior DPG concentrations. |
25 Citations | However, the difference in the effects of 2,3-DPG on ghosts and intact cells indicates that the effects of 2,3-DPG depend strongly on the conditions of the experiment. |
31 Citations | RBC 2,3-DPG concentrations vary widely among critically ill patients. |
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Research involving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients has shown significant differences in GSH levels based on the presence or absence of certain alleles, indicating that genetic factors influencing cysteine metabolism can impact GSH synthesis and, consequently, cellular antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, nutrient availability, including that of cysteine, has been shown to influence cell differentiation and the life cycle through the modulation of GSH levels, underscoring the importance of cysteine in GSH-dependent cellular processes.
Experimental manipulation of GSH synthesis pathways, through either the variation of cystine supply or direct inhibition, has further elucidated the relationship between cysteine and GSH. These manipulations affect cellular processes such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and protein secretion, demonstrating the interconnected roles of cysteine and GSH in cellular metabolism and function. Additionally, the development of fluorescent probes for detecting intracellular GSH has highlighted the significance of rapidly and sensitively monitoring GSH levels, indirectly pointing to the importance of cysteine in cellular health.
The cooperative roles of cysteine and GSH in regulating cell signaling pathways, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the integrated stress response (ISR), further illustrate the intertwined relationship between cysteine availability and GSH function. This cooperation is essential for the suppression of ferroptosis, a form of cell death linked to oxidative stress, thereby highlighting the protective roles of cysteine and GSH against cellular damage. Intriguingly, the chemical reactivity of certain proteins can be modulated by intracellular factors like GSH, suggesting that the cysteine-GSH axis may influence protein function and cellular conductance through redox mechanisms.
The role of intracellular GSH in mitigating toxicity, as observed in studies on human hepatocytes, underscores the importance of GSH in cellular defense mechanisms, which is directly influenced by cysteine availability and metabolism. Finally, the development of probes for detecting cellular cysteine in the presence of high GSH concentrations further emphasizes the distinct yet interconnected roles of these two molecules in cellular physiology. Collectively, these studies illuminate the intricate relationship between intracellular cysteine and GSH, showcasing their pivotal roles in maintaining cellular health, metabolism, and defense against oxidative stress and toxicity.
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