How happen the ontogenesis of pituitary gland ?5 answersThe ontogenesis of the pituitary gland involves intricate developmental processes. During early life, the embryogenesis of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit is completed, with the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system forming. Transcription factors like Pit-1, Prop-1, and others play crucial roles in pituitary development, with Pit-1 gene alterations linked to hypopituitarism in humans. In human embryos, Rathke's pouch gives rise to different parts of the pituitary, including the anterior lobe and pars distalis, through complex morphogenetic changes. The intermediate lobe of the pituitary in rabbits undergoes differentiation, with melanotrophic cells appearing and innervation stimulating their synthetic activity. In primates, the fetal adrenal gland's zones develop at different gestational stages, with ACTH influencing the transitional zone's growth late in gestation. These findings collectively highlight the multifaceted ontogenesis of the pituitary gland involving genetic, morphological, and hormonal influences.
What are the cells that compounds the prostate ?4 answersThe prostate is composed of two main cell populations: luminal epithelial cells and basal epithelial cells. Luminal cells have a secretory function and support male fertility, while basal cells are involved in regeneration and maintenance of the epithelial tissue. In addition to these two cell types, there are also neuroendocrine cells present in the prostate. Stem cells are another important component of the prostate, with both epithelial stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells identified in this tissue. Epithelial stem cells express markers such as cytokeratin, stem cell antigen-1, and integrins alpha2beta1, CD49f, CD133, CD117, and CD44, while mesenchymal stem cells express markers like CD30, CD44, CD133, neuron-specific enolase, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. These stem cells play a role in the development and treatment of prostatic diseases.
How is prostate cancer defined?4 answersProstate cancer is a common cancer among men and is defined as the development of malignant tumors in the prostate gland. It is the most frequently occurring cancer in adult males and is associated with various risk factors such as older age, black ethnicity, family history of the disease, increased body mass index, and obesity. Diagnosis of prostate cancer is based on ultrasound, MRI, biopsies, and exams to assess cancer stage and spread. Treatment options for prostate cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and palliative care. The growth of prostate cancer cells is regulated by critical signaling pathways such as mTOR/AKT/PI3K and ERK/MEK/Raf/Ras. Gene mutations, such as mutations in the PTEN gene, can play a significant role in the development of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer can range from indolent disease managed with surveillance to aggressive malignancy requiring multidisciplinary treatment.
What is the embryo?3 answersThe definition of the embryo varies depending on the perspective and context. From a biological standpoint, the embryo is a developing human individual from the time of implantation to the end of the eighth week after conception. It is a discrete entity that arises from the first mitotic division after fertilization of a human oocyte by a human sperm or any other process that initiates organized development of a biological entity with a human nuclear genome or altered human nuclear genome. However, the concept of the embryo goes beyond biology and has different meanings in different social, legal, and moral frameworks. Popular perceptions often imagine the embryo as a little person in the earliest stages of development, although in reality, embryos can take various forms and not all of them develop into adults. The controversy surrounding the embryo and its moral, legal, and political implications is ongoing, especially with the emergence of modern technologies.
WHERE IS PROSTATE CANCER OCCURED?5 answersProstate cancer is most commonly diagnosed in Europe, North America, and Oceania, with the highest incidence rates in these regions. Incidence rates vary greatly between continents, with Northern and Western Europe having the highest rates and Asia having the lowest rates. Within continents, there is also considerable variation between countries. Prostate cancer screening has become prevalent in many countries since the 1990s, leading to an increase in incidence rates, particularly in the United States.
What is prostate cancer?4 answersProstate cancer is the most common cancer in males and affects a significant percentage of men during their lifetime. It is the most common malignancy among males worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Prostate cancer is the most common internal malignancy in males and is ranked second in death due to cancer. It is currently the most common cancer diagnosed in males living in developed nations and is becoming more commonly encountered worldwide. Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor malignancy among men in the western world.