Name of specific area of rock fall?5 answersThe specific areas of rockfall mentioned in the provided contexts include the Butwal-Dobhan road section of the Siddhartha Highway, the Kazikliali Gorge in the lower Emli River Basin, and the Skolis Mountain and Acrocorinthos area in the Northern part of the Peloponnese. These areas have been studied extensively to understand the causes, characteristics, and risks associated with rockfalls. The research conducted in these locations has focused on assessing rockfall hazards, investigating rockfall properties using advanced technologies like UAV, and determining susceptibility through spatial analysis and mapping techniques. By studying these specific areas, researchers aim to enhance hazard assessment, risk management, and public awareness regarding the dangers posed by rockfalls in mountainous regions.
What are cutworms?4 answersCutworms are polyphagous pests belonging to the family Noctuidae, causing significant damage to agricultural and horticultural crops, especially at the seedling stage. These pests, including species like Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis canities, and Feltia subterranea, exhibit vitiating symptoms by feeding on leaves and stems. Cutworms are known for their larval hiding behavior during the day and active feeding at night, making chemical control challenging and often ineffective. To combat these pests, researchers are exploring alternative methods such as biological control using entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) like Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp., which have shown effectiveness in managing cutworm populations. Understanding the biology and implementing effective management strategies for cutworms, particularly species like Agrotis ipsilon, is crucial for minimizing crop damage and ensuring agricultural productivity.
What is the fall armyworm situation in southeast asia?5 answersThe fall armyworm (FAW) situation in Southeast Asia has rapidly evolved since its introduction in 2018. FAW has spread to many countries in the region, posing a significant threat to crops like maize, rice, millet, and sorghum. Genetic data suggest that FAW populations in Myanmar and southern China are closely related to those in Africa and India, indicating a common origin and rapid dispersion in the Eastern Hemisphere. Population genomic analyses reveal that FAW populations in Southeast Asia are a genetic melting pot, with most populations being hybrids and multiple introductions likely facilitated by international trade of plants. Effective management strategies involving seed treatments, parasitoids release, and botanical pesticides have been recommended to combat FAW infestations in the region.
How does climate change impact fall army worm infestation?5 answersClimate change has a significant impact on fall armyworm (FAW) infestation. The increase in temperature directly or indirectly influences the geographic distribution, phenology, and natural enemies of FAW, which in turn affects the damage to crops. Climate change alters temperature, moisture, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration, favoring the proliferation of pests like FAW. The potential worldwide distribution of FAW is predicted to increase under future climatic conditions, with higher suitability in North America, Africa, and Asia. The number of generations per year is projected to increase in certain regions, such as the south-eastern USA. These changes in suitability and risk highlight the challenges that agricultural pest management will face under future climate change and variation. Understanding and quantifying the impacts of climate change on FAW infestation is crucial for effective pest management and future crop production.
How can the different components of IPM be combined to effectively control fall armyworm?4 answersIntegrated pest management (IPM) for fall armyworm control can be achieved by combining different components. These include chemical, physical, and biological control methods. Chemical control involves the use of pesticides, but since fall armyworm populations can develop resistance, it is important to use pesticides judiciously and in combination with other control methods. Physical control methods such as trapping and removal of egg masses can help reduce fall armyworm populations. Biological control involves the use of natural enemies like biocontrol agents and natural predators to suppress fall armyworm populations. Additionally, cultural practices like crop rotation and intercropping can disrupt the life cycle of fall armyworm and reduce its impact.
What are the most effective molecular tools for controlling the population of fall armyworm?5 answersThe most effective molecular tools for controlling the population of fall armyworm include the use of Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) approach to examine the genetic diversity of populations. This approach enables the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used as markers for genetic structure analysis. Additionally, the characterization of specific genes related to resistance evolution, such as Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP), can provide insights into the mechanisms of insecticide resistance and aid in the development of targeted control strategies. Furthermore, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, such as Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema siamkayai, has shown promise in controlling fall armyworm populations, particularly in laboratory and greenhouse settings. These nematodes can be used as biological control agents to effectively reduce fall armyworm populations.