What are the effects of magnetic fields on ferromagnetic materials?4 answersThe effects of magnetic fields on ferromagnetic materials include changes in friction coefficient and wear behavior. Machining of ferromagnetic materials can lead to changes in their magnetic fields, which can contaminate the workpiece surface and affect further processing and application. The magnetization level of ferromagnetic materials can also affect their mechanical properties due to magnetostriction, resulting in changes in acoustic attenuation. Additionally, electric fields can be used to manipulate magnetism in ferromagnetic semiconductors, metals, and multiferroics, altering their magnetic properties and anisotropy. However, it has been found that a pure magnetic field has no effects on cracks in soft ferromagnetic solids.
What is the history of eletromagnetism?4 answersThe history of electromagnetism is a convergence of scientific thought from various areas. It includes the study of the structure of the Universe, the phenomena of attraction and repulsion of electric charges and magnets, and optical phenomena. This understanding of the connections between magnetism and electricity led to technological innovation in the nineteenth century. The history of electromagnetism can be divided into three periods: early, classical, and modern, each marked by critical discoveries around the centennial years 1600, 1800, and 1900. The development of electromagnetism before Maxwell involved experiments by Orsted, the development of electrodynamics by Ampere, and Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction. These advancements eventually led to the unification of electromagnetic phenomena under a coherent theory and the revolution brought about by Maxwell, changing the paradigm of instantaneous action at a distance.
How angular momentum and the effect of magnetic field / produce magnetism m?5 answersAngular momentum and the effect of magnetic fields play a crucial role in producing magnetism. In the nucleon and highly magnetic white dwarf stars, the total field angular momentum, which includes spin, orbital, and field angular momentum, follows the standard angular momentum commutation relationship. In ferrimagnetic alloys, the dynamics of angular momentum and magnetization are temperature dependent, and at certain compositions, the net angular momentum can vanish, leading to ultrafast magnetization reversal. Electromagnetic field momentum can be deduced by considering a system of a long solenoid and line charge, and the electromagnetic angular momentum for a point charge and magnetic monopole pair can be obtained. The emergence of magnetism is still not fully explained, but there are theories suggesting that changes in the electric field can create magnetism. In molecules with an additional spin-1/2 degree of freedom, the exchange of angular momentum between the molecule and the solvent can be altered by a magnetic field, allowing control over resonant emission of phonons with specific angular momentum.
What are Einstein's equations?5 answersEinstein's equations are a set of ten nonlinear partial differential equations that relate geometry and matter. They connect the Riemann tensor, or more precisely the Einstein tensor, to the energy-momentum tensor, which describes the energy content of matter. These equations provide a classical description of gravitational fields and are derived from the assumption that the Einstein tensor is proportional to the energy-momentum tensor. The coordinate system can be chosen arbitrarily when working with these equations. They can be solved for the metric tensor, which defines curved space, and are well-defined in many sources. Einstein's equations in matter for relativistic fluids are derived, and their modifications due to the matter's response to curvature are discussed. Equations coupling a symmetric conformal Killing or Codazzi tensor to the Einstein equations are also described, leading to various solutions and constraints on the scalar curvature of the metric.
What is the definition of effect?4 answersThe definition of effect refers to a change in the tendency of the outcome variable to take each of its values. It is a measure of the impact or influence that a causal variable has on the outcome variable. Different measures of effect can be used to quantify the magnitude of this impact. One suggested measure is the log likelihood ratio, which is a unifying measure of effect that can be used for both continuous and discrete outcome variables. It is important to estimate effects for all causal contrasts of the causal variable on all values of the outcome variable and for all time intervals between the cause and the outcome. This comprehensive approach ensures a thorough understanding of the causal relationship.
What is the chiral magnetic effect in QCD?4 answersThe chiral magnetic effect (CME) in QCD refers to the separation of positive and negative electric charges along the direction of an external magnetic field in quark-gluon plasma and other topologically nontrivial media. It is a consequence of the coupling of electrodynamics to the topological gluon field fluctuations that form metastable CP-odd domains. The CME can be produced either by the anomalous current or by the boundary conditions on the domain wall. The CME leads to the collective gapless mode called the chiral magnetic wave (CMW) in QCD matter under an external magnetic field. The presence of the CME changes the dynamic universality class to that of model A, but the dynamic universality class remains unchanged even in the presence of the CME. The transport coefficient of the CME is not renormalized by the critical fluctuations of the order parameter.