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What is the mechanism by which okra peels adsorb lead? 


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The adsorption mechanism by which okra peels adsorb lead (Pb) from aqueous solutions involves a combination of physical and chemical processes, as evidenced by various studies. The primary mechanism is attributed to the presence of functional groups on the surface of okra peels, which facilitate the binding of lead ions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis has shown shifts and increases in wavenumber intensities of active adsorbent groups such as -OH and -C=O, indicating the involvement of these functional groups in the adsorption process. Similarly, the adsorption of Pb^2+ ions onto okra wastes involves ion exchange or the formation of hydroxyl complexes, as suggested by the effective removal of Pb^2+ from aqueous solutions. This is further supported by the observation that the percentage sorption of Pb^2+ ions in wastewater decreases with an increase in the concentration of Pb^2+ in wastewater but increases with an increase in the adsorbent weight of the biomass. Moreover, the adsorption process is enhanced by the morphological characteristics of okra peels, which include an irregular and microporous structure that provides a large surface area for adsorption. The presence of other metal ions, such as calcium(II), magnesium(II), copper(II), and zinc(II), does not interfere with the adsorption of lead(II) by pomelo peels, suggesting a similar non-interference in the adsorption capacity of okra peels for lead(II). Additionally, the adsorption mechanism is not only limited to the surface adsorption but also involves chemical bonding, as indicated by the Langmuir model, which suggests monolayer sorption through both physical adsorption and chemical bonding. In conclusion, the adsorption of lead by okra peels is a multifaceted process involving ion exchange, the formation of hydroxyl complexes, and chemical bonding facilitated by the functional groups present on the surface of the okra peels and their morphological characteristics.

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The mechanism involves increased sorption with higher adsorbent weight due to more absorptive sites. Okra stem-derived cellulose material offers biodegradability and ease of recovery for lead removal.
Okra peels adsorb lead through ion exchange or hydroxyl complex formation mechanisms, as indicated by the study on lead removal from aqueous solutions using agricultural wastes.
The mechanism involves expanding surface area and activating with HCl, increasing active groups and pores. Lead adsorption by kapok fruit peel follows Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics.

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