What are the common methods to produce hydrogen from ammonia?5 answersCommon methods to produce hydrogen from ammonia include various technologies such as electrochemical, photocatalytic, and thermochemical processes. These processes are utilized in production plants and fueling stations, considering factors like conversion efficiency, reactors, catalysts, and economics. The commercial process often involves using catalysts like Ru, Ni, Co, La, and perovskite catalysts for efficient hydrogen extraction from ammonia. Additionally, systems for synthesizing ammonia may include reactors with energy sources to reduce nitrogen to ammonia in the presence of hydrogen, along with hydrogen pumps and recirculation circuits. Another method involves utilizing fixed bed reactors with NH3 decomposition catalysts, ceramic hollow fibers with H2 selective membranes, and catalytic H2 burners to generate high-purity hydrogen from ammonia.
Ammonia decomposition: COx-free hydrogen production for fuel cell applications.5 answersAmmonia decomposition is a promising method for COx-free hydrogen production for fuel cell applications. Recent research has focused on the development of catalytic materials and catalyst design for efficient ammonia decomposition. Co and Ni have been identified as effective catalysts for ammonia decomposition, and bimetallic catalysts have shown improved performance compared to monometallic catalysts due to the synergistic interaction between Co and Ni. The use of non-precious metal catalysts, such as Co-based catalysts, has received widespread attention due to their good catalytic activity and low synthesis costs. The catalytic performance of these catalysts can be enhanced by factors such as uniform loading of active metals, high specific surface area, and a large number of mesopores. The development of more efficient catalysts based on abundant and cheaper elements is crucial for wide-scale industrial application of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production.
Ammonia Decomposition in a Catalytic Membrane Reactor4 answersAmmonia decomposition in a catalytic membrane reactor has been studied extensively in recent research. Chen et al. developed a numerical model to investigate the performance of ammonia decomposition using a membrane reactor and Ru/Al2O3 catalyst. They found that the conversion of ammonia can be increased by about 33% compared to a conventional fixed-bed reactor under the same operating conditions. Cechetto et al. proposed the use of metallic supported Pd-based membranes for ammonia cracking in membrane reactors. Their results showed >99% NH3 conversion with H2 feed recovery >60% using a Pd-Ag membrane on a low-cost porous Hastelloy X tubular filter. Sarkar investigated the use of copper-exchanged faujasite zeolites as adsorbent materials for purifying hydrogen produced via ammonia decomposition. The one-time ion-exchanged form of zeolite 13X was found to be a promising adsorbent material for effectively purifying NH3-derived H2. Xie et al. used finite-time thermodynamics to model a solar-heating, co-current sweeping ammonia decomposition membrane reactor. They analyzed the effects of various parameters on reactor performance and provided insights for the engineering application of ammonia solar energy storage systems and solar hydrogen production. Cechetto et al. presented two alternatives for increasing the purity of hydrogen produced in a membrane reactor for ammonia decomposition: increasing the membrane thickness or using an adsorption bed downstream the reactor. Both methods resulted in the production of ultra-pure hydrogen.
What is the heat of reaction of ammonia synthesis?5 answersThe heat of reaction for ammonia synthesis is utilized in various ways in the ammonia production industry. One method involves setting up a cooling element in the ammonia synthesis reactor, which absorbs the heat released during the reaction and vaporizes a cooling liquid medium to form vapor. Another approach involves fully utilizing the heat of the ammonia synthesis reaction by replacing a waste heat boiler and a boiler water supply heater with a gas turbine. The high-temperature and high-pressure gas leaving the synthesizing tower enters the gas turbine to obtain expansion work and drive a multiple-stage compressor, resulting in a self-sufficient power output. These methods demonstrate different ways to harness the heat of reaction in ammonia synthesis for cooling and power generation purposes.
Is there reaction rate for the reaction between NHx with N radical for ammonia pyrolysis?5 answersThe reaction rate for the reaction between NHx and N radical in ammonia pyrolysis has been investigated in several studies. Konnov and De Ruyck developed a detailed reaction mechanism for ammonia pyrolysis and found that the rate constant for the reaction between NHx and N radical significantly affects the calculated rise-time and peak concentrations of NH and NH2 radicals. Wolf et al. studied the reaction NH2 + NH → N2H2 + H and determined a rate coefficient for this reaction. Davidson et al. also investigated the NH and NH2 profiles in ammonia pyrolysis and fitted rate coefficients for reactions involving NH2 and NH2 radicals. Therefore, there are multiple studies that provide information on the reaction rate between NHx and N radical in ammonia pyrolysis.
Ammonia synthesis reaction is thermodynamically favourable at high pressure and low temperature.5 answersAmmonia synthesis reaction is thermodynamically favorable at high pressure and low temperature. However, the use of an ammonia selective absorbent can allow for low-pressure synthesis of ammonia, removing the need for high pressure. Additionally, rapid separation of the product ammonia can enable lower pressure synthesis by reducing the constraint of reversible reaction. Efficient electrocatalytic low-temperature ammonia synthesis has also been achieved, which reduces the harsh reaction condition requirements. Furthermore, a low-pressure ammonia synthesis process has been developed, where the synthesis is divided into two sections implemented at specific pressures with specific types of catalysts and raw material gases, increasing the net value of ammonia and the utilization rates of nitrogen and hydrogen. Finally, microwave-enhanced ammonia synthesis has shown potential for distributed ammonia synthesis at moderate pressure and temperature conditions.