What are the materials used in interior design in automotive industry?5 answersThe materials used in interior design in the automotive industry include vegetable hemp fibers, thermoplastic plastic fibers, binders, weft-knitted fabrics made of draw textured polyester and textured polyamide yarn, natural fiber reinforcement, PP, ABS resin, light calcium carbonate, a toughening agent, an antioxidant, a lubricant, and PP-g-MAH, polyester needle-punched nonwoven fabric, and polycarbonate-based polyurethane resin, and a surface layer with a first plasticizer and a thermoplastic resin, and a base layer which is a polyurethane (PU) foam with a second plasticizer and a tackifier.
What item of retrofitting can be use in heritage building?3 answersEnergy-efficient retrofitting measures that can be used in heritage buildings include draught-proofing, windows, insulation, ventilation, heating, solar photovoltaics, and phase change materials. The use of renewable energy sources, such as air-to-water heat pumps, is also feasible for retrofitting heritage buildings while preserving their historic values. Replacing windows can be a challenge for heritage buildings, but options such as secondary glazing or internal shutters are more acceptable to residents. In terms of preserving and enhancing historical and architectural heritage, a new composite material consisting of natural hydraulic lime-based mortar strengthened by Sisal short fibers has shown promise for retrofitting interventions. When retrofitting modern heritage buildings, it is important to assess the potential for condensation problems and the hygrothermal performance of the envelope, particularly when adjusting envelope construction and HVAC systems.
What are the heritage architecture?5 answersHeritage architecture refers to the tangible cultural heritage in the form of monuments, ensembles, and sites that showcase the historical, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of a community. These architectural heritages are symbols of culture, history, and religion, and are important for tourism development. They are transformed over time, reflecting the changes in society and technology, and each transformation carries its own narrative reasoning. However, the preservation of architectural heritage is crucial as they can be damaged or destroyed by natural disasters and human activities. Revitalizing and preserving heritage sites, such as the Adamjee jute mill in Bangladesh, not only helps to conserve the cultural and historical significance but also raises awareness about the importance of these sites in the world market. Architectural education plays a vital role in understanding and balancing the technical knowledge and creative design aspects required to produce meaningful and contextually adapted solutions.
What are the most common materials used in construction?4 answersThe most common materials used in construction are cement, sand, aggregate, and water. Other materials such as fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume, and metakaolin can also be employed as cement substitutes. Construction materials also include sand, gravel, murram, lime, gypsum, and stone. Traditionally, indigenous materials like bricks, cork, and wood were commonly used, but there has been a shift towards global materials like cement, aluminum, concrete, and PVC. In addition, the design of chemical plants requires the specification of suitable materials such as mild steel, stainless steel, nickel, Monel, and glass-fiber-reinforced plastics (GRPs).
How can heritage architecture public engagement?5 answersHeritage architecture can engage the public by shifting from a material-based conservation approach to one that focuses on subjects instead of objects, exposing multiple perspectives and acknowledging the contextual and contingent nature of conservation objects. Architectural collections and reconstructed villages can be used as tourist attractions to promote national and regional heritages, but they can also perpetuate biases and present a skewed heritage landscape to visitors. The architecture of experience can transform users into active participants, reawakening their awareness of the built environment and making architecture more meaningful. Social media platforms provide opportunities for online communities to actively engage in heritage planning processes, sharing ideas and opinions, and contributing to a more socially inclusive practice. A change in paradigm from the architect as artist to the citizen-architect can lead to a new criticism and theory derived from the human experience in architecture, reflecting cultural values and impacting the quality of life.
What are the most commonly used construction materials?4 answersThe most commonly used construction materials include stones, concrete, plastics, bitumen, glass, wood, metals, bricks, polymers, tiles, and heat resisting materials. Concrete and wood are the most common construction materials, and they are complex and hierarchical materials with a microstructure extending down to the nanoscale. Other commonly used materials include lime, cement, sand, and surki. Additionally, construction materials can also include tourmaline powder, titanium dioxide, agalmatolite, yellow soil, seawater, chlorides, nickel-copper alloy, aluminum, tin, copper, iron, waste iron oxide, sand dust, ferrite, and charcoal. Some construction materials also incorporate cut-up plastic fragments, cut-up tyre and/or glass fragments, gravel, and stone chips.