scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

When is the first time that phenotypic syndrome is explained? 


Best insight from top research papers

The first time that a phenotypic syndrome is explained is in the abstract by Boehmer et al. In their study, they investigate two siblings with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) who share the same AR gene mutation but exhibit different phenotypes. They find that the phenotypic variation is caused by 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency, in addition to AIS. The absence or reduced expression of 5alpha-reductase 2 leads to distinct phenotypic differences in the siblings. This is supported by molecular studies that show the absence of expression of the 5alpha-reductase iso-enzyme 2 in the phenotypic female patient. Therefore, the explanation of phenotypic variation in this syndrome is attributed to the differences in the availability of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone during embryonic sex differentiation .

Answers from top 5 papers

More filters
Papers (5)Insight
The first time that the phenotypic syndrome is explained is in a classic review on Werner's syndrome published in the ANNALS in 1945.
The provided paper does not mention the first time that a phenotypic syndrome is explained. The paper focuses on the phenotypic variation in a family with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome and the role of 5alpha-reductase 2 deficiency in contributing to the variation.
The provided paper does not explicitly mention the first time that phenotypic syndrome is explained.
The provided paper does not mention the first time that the phenotypic syndrome is explained.
The paper does not provide information about the first time that a phenotypic syndrome is explained.

Related Questions

Are there costs of phenotypic plasticity?5 answersPhenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental conditions, has both benefits and costs. The costs associated with plasticity can limit its evolution in nature. Studies have shown that there are potential genetic costs related to plasticity itself, which can undermine the benefits of plasticity. Additionally, plasticity can come at a fitness cost to an organism's viability and generation time. However, the measurement of these costs has proved elusive, and fitness costs of plasticity are often weak or nonexistent. Condition dependence can mask the costs of plasticity, even when they are substantial, and variation in condition can play a role in revealing or masking these costs. Overall, while there are costs associated with phenotypic plasticity, the extent and nature of these costs can vary depending on the specific organism and environmental conditions.
What is phenotype?5 answersPhenotype is the observable characteristics or traits of an organism that result from the interaction between genes, environment, disease, molecular mechanisms, and chance. It is used to describe all the features that can be observed in a research object. Phenotype reflects the integrated features of genotype and environmental factors. The study of phenotype is important in genetics and medical fields as it helps in understanding the genotype-phenotype relationship, diagnosing diseases, and developing precision medicine. Phenotypes can be measured at multiple levels and can include morphological, biochemical, physiological, or behavioral properties. Advances in bioinformatics and functional network-based prediction methods have improved the accuracy and effectiveness of phenotype prediction. The analysis of phenotype is crucial in the investigation of patients with genetic disorders and has led to the emergence of the field of phenomics.
What is Phenotypes?4 answersPhenotypes are the observable characteristics of an organism that arise from its response to the environment. They can include morphological, biochemical, physiological, or behavioral traits. In the medical field, phenotypes are often used to describe changes from the normal characteristics of patients, aiding in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of diseases. Phenotypes associated with genetic variation are recorded using phenotype ontologies in model organisms and databases for human Mendelian diseases. The study of phenotypes and genetic variation is important in various fields such as livestock selection, medical genetics, behavioral economics, and evolutionary biology. Phenotypes play a vital role in translational medicine, connecting experimental findings to clinical practices. The use of standardized vocabularies like the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) facilitates the annotation of phenotypic information in clinical practice, supporting knowledge discovery in precision medicine.
What is the relationship between genotype and phenotype in cherubism?4 answersThe relationship between genotype and phenotype in cherubism is not clear. There is no clear correlation between the genotype and the clinical grading of the disease. SH3BP2 mutations are reported in the majority of cherubism cases, but specific amino acid substitutions of these mutations are not associated with the clinical grading of the disease. Additionally, cherubism is a rare genetic disorder caused primarily by mutations in SH3BP2, resulting in excessive bone resorption and fibrous tissue overgrowth in the lower portions of the face. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the phenotypic manifestations of cherubism are still not fully understood. Further research is needed to better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype in cherubism.
What is phenotypic plasticity?5 answersPhenotypic plasticity refers to the ability of an organism to display different phenotypes in response to different environments. It is a widespread phenomenon in nature and plays a crucial role in survival and adaptation. Genetic variants and their interactions, as well as environmental factors, influence the expression of phenotypic plasticity. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity is important for determining how organisms respond to selection and how diseases manifest in human populations. Phenotypic plasticity is also observed in livestock populations, where different breeds show varying capacities to respond to environmental changes. Considering both productivity and phenotypic plasticity can help in selecting genotypes with optimal performance and adaptability for smallholder farmers. In the context of cancer, phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells, including reversible switching of cellular states, facilitates metastatic colonization and poses challenges for effective anti-cancer therapies. Additionally, phenotypic plasticity can drive phenotypic convergence, where similar traits evolve independently through plastic responses to different environments.
What is phenotypic?5 answersThe phenotype refers to the observable and measurable characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction between its genes (genotype) and the environment. It encompasses the physical appearance of an organism, such as its form, color, and size, as well as nonvisual properties like physiology and behavior. Accurate phenotyping is crucial in biomedical research, as it determines the utility of genetically altered and spontaneous mutant mice. Phenotypic analysis involves characterizing distinct aspects of the cardiovascular phenotype through a mixture of assays. In genetic studies, defining the phenotype is important for detecting disease genes, and a narrowly defined disease phenotype can offer advantages over broad definitions. Additionally, the selection of endophenotypes and related quantitative traits can enhance the study of clinical disease.

See what other people are reading

What specific genes are associated with each chromosome in humans?
4 answers
What specific genes are associated with each chromosome in humans?
4 answers
What are the most common methods used to determine the sex of a fetus?
5 answers
The most common methods used to determine the sex of a fetus include ultrasound imaging after 15 weeks of gestation, cytogenetic evaluation of fetal cells obtained through amniocentesis, DNA detection from amniotic fluid or fetal tissue, and non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using maternal blood samples. These methods have varying levels of accuracy and invasiveness. Ultrasound is widely used but is limited by the gestational age required for accurate sex determination. Amniocentesis, although considered the "golden standard test," is invasive and labor-intensive. DNA detection methods offer a non-invasive alternative, while NIPT provides a less invasive option for sex determination. Additionally, a novel method based on Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels in maternal blood serum has been proposed for early fetal sex determination as early as 7-10 weeks of gestation.
What are the current telomere-based studies related to mosquito control?
5 answers
Current telomere-based studies related to mosquito control involve investigating telomere maintenance mechanisms in malaria vectors like Anopheles mosquitoes. Studies have shown that telomeres in Anopheles gambiae can undergo extension through recombination between homologous chromosome ends, potentially aiding in chromosome stability and evolution. Additionally, research on Anopheles stephensi has demonstrated the insertion of transgenes to alter the mosquito genome, paving the way for developing malaria-resistant mosquitoes through disrupting parasite interactions or redirecting infected mosquitoes towards non-human hosts. Furthermore, a broader analysis across 180 insect species revealed diverse telomere structures, including short telomeric repeats interspersed with telomere-specific retrotransposons, highlighting the complexity of telomere organization in insects and its implications for telomere function and evolution.
What are the key molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis?
5 answers
Tumorigenesis involves a complex interplay of molecular pathways. Key pathways implicated in cancer development include the JAK/STAT, NOTCH, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, TGF-beta, NF-B, and Wnt signaling pathways. These pathways undergo significant alterations in cancer, with DNA repair pathways showing positive activation levels and high mutation enrichment, while signaling and cytoskeleton pathways play initiator roles in carcinogenesis. Additionally, the Hippo pathway, particularly involving YAP and TAZ transcriptional coactivators, is crucial in inhibiting organ growth and acting as a tumor suppressor in various tissues, including the liver, skin, and ovaries. Furthermore, in specific cancers like hepatoblastoma in patients with trisomy 18, SMAD4/TGFβ signaling in conjunction with canonical Wnt signaling has been identified as a novel tumorigenic mechanism, highlighting the importance of pathway crosstalk in cancer development.
Apa itu Down Syndrome?
5 answers
Sindrom Down adalah kondisi genetik yang disebabkan oleh keberadaan tambahan kromosom 21, yang dapat berupa trisomi klasik 21, translokasi, atau mozaik. Sindrom ini merupakan penyebab umum defisiensi intelektual, dengan dampak pada sistem saraf yang menyebabkan keterlambatan dalam perkembangan neuropsikomotorik, kesulitan dalam bahasa dan memori, namun kelebihan dalam kemampuan visuoespasioal. Faktor risiko termasuk usia ibu yang lebih tua, dengan sebagian besar kasus terjadi pada ibu di atas usia 35 tahun. Anak-anak dengan Sindrom Down juga dapat mengalami kesulitan dalam penggunaan bahasa, seperti gaya telegrafik, yang memerlukan intervensi dan bantuan dalam pengembangan kemampuan bahasa mereka. Pengasuhan anak dengan Sindrom Down oleh ibu yang bekerja dapat menjadi pengalaman unik, dengan dukungan keluarga dan lingkungan sosial yang penting dalam menjalankan peran ganda tersebut.
What is the sensitivity and specificity of NGS in detecting genetic abnormalities in syndromic individuals with normal karyotyping?
5 answers
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in detecting genetic abnormalities in syndromic individuals with normal karyotyping. Studies show that NGS-based noninvasive prenatal DNA testing (NIPT) has a sensitivity of 100% for diagnosing chromosomal disorders like trisomy 21, 18, and 13, with a specificity of 99.96%. Additionally, NGS technology has been validated in clinical laboratories, showing 100% concordance with Sanger sequencing data in detecting mutations in disease-causing genes, including complex alterations and deep intronic mutations. Furthermore, NGS platforms have been successful in identifying somatic genomic alterations associated with targeted cancer therapies and germline mutations predisposing to hereditary malignancies, with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 99.5% for SNVs, indels, CNVs, and rearrangements.
Can the success of the mlpa be evaluated?
5 answers
The success of MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) can be evaluated based on its effectiveness in detecting genetic mutations and copy number variations in various genetic disorders. Studies have shown that MLPA is a valuable tool for detecting mutations in genes associated with conditions like Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, congenital heart defects, Y-chromosome deletions in infertility cases, and chimeric genes in 21-hydroxylase deficiency. MLPA has demonstrated high detection rates of pathogenic variants, providing quick and reliable results for genetic counseling and management. Despite some limitations in identifying certain rearrangements, a multistep approach involving MLPA along with other techniques like long-range PCR and ASPCR can enhance the accuracy of detecting complex genetic variations. Therefore, the overall success of MLPA lies in its ability to efficiently identify genetic abnormalities in different clinical scenarios.
What are the potential therapeutic targets for modulating IL 1 Beta activity in individuals with Down syndrome?
5 answers
Potential therapeutic targets for modulating IL-1β activity in individuals with Down syndrome include the NLRP3 inflammasome, Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1), and anti-inflammatory factors like IL-37. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in generating pro-inflammatory cytokines and is implicated in various inflammatory disorders. DSCR1 deficiency has shown to ameliorate Aβ plaque deposition by enhancing microglial degradation of amyloid plaques. Additionally, targeting IL-37, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, may help restore the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in gingival fibroblasts, potentially reducing severe periodontal inflammation in individuals with Down syndrome. These targets offer promising avenues for therapeutic interventions to modulate IL-1β activity and associated inflammatory responses in individuals with Down syndrome.
How does altered chromosome architecture in the context of increasing maternal age lead to aneuploidy?
5 answers
Altered chromosome architecture due to increasing maternal age contributes significantly to aneuploidy in oocytes. With advanced maternal age, there is an increase in sister kinetochore separation, rotated bivalents, and merotelic attachments, weakening chromosome arm cohesion. This separation of sister kinetochores leads to bivalents rotating on the spindle, elevating the risk of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments, ultimately increasing aneuploidy rates. Additionally, maternal age-related factors such as recombination failure, cohesin deterioration, spindle assembly checkpoint disregulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are key contributors to oocyte aneuploidy. These age-related changes in chromosome architecture, combined with factors like impaired cohesin complex formation and altered recombination, significantly elevate the risk of aneuploidy in oocytes as maternal age advances.
How does aneuploidies affect protein homeostiasis?
5 answers
Aneuploidies, which are aberrant chromosome numbers or identities, can impact protein homeostasis. Aneuploidy can lead to changes in metabolic programs and protein homeostatic imbalance, resulting in proteotoxic stress in cells. Recent studies have shown that aneuploidy negatively affects protein folding, particularly the functions of the molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) and the transcription factor Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1). Aneuploidy-induced protein folding stress has been observed in conditions such as cancer and trisomy syndromes. Additionally, aneuploidy can cause changes in gene expression, including downregulation of factors related to DNA transactions, and impair DNA replication and genome stability. These findings suggest that aneuploidy can disrupt protein homeostasis and have wide-ranging effects on cellular functions and phenotypic abnormalities.