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We also observe that the extent to which financial development can improve entrepreneurs' utility differs across countries.
The paper summarizes the available economic insights, and suggests (i) the need to harmonize the single-country migration policies across Europe and (ii) that the European Union needs to become an active player on the international labour markets by providing competitive institutional settings for European companies.
We argue that national cultures determine the types of entrepreneurs that are more common in a country.
Exporting firms prefer to adopt a personalised approach to developing European business and prefer to export to countries with large market size and positive country image.
Based on a survey of 116 immigrant and 864 native Norwegian entrepreneurs with newly registered firms, we show that immigrant entrepreneurs are more likely to identify international opportunities than native entrepreneurs are.
We also show that stronger employment rights are more likely to attract FDI when the host country is located within the European Union.
Specifically, findings indicate that transnational entrepreneurs are able to utilize the advantages of operating in two socially embedded environments to aid competitiveness in a way that their counterparts who are based in one country are unable to.
It finds that among the 12 newest members of the European Union, country characteristics are most important for firm productivity growth, particularly the stock of inward foreign direct investment and the availability of credit.
The presence of cities from EU28 countries is important to foster the entrepreneurial attitude in each European Country.
Findings: Visegrad countries do not belong among the best performers in innovation and competitiveness in the European Union.
The identification of country-specific entrepreneurship concepts can be useful for researchers interested in studying entrepreneurship internationally and practitioners interested in encouraging and training entrepreneurs in different countries.
However, because individual entrepreneurs are heterogeneous in their characteristics, previous experiences, and perceptions of environment, entrepreneurs will differ in their evaluations of internationalization feasibility.
These findings are in line with studies on European entrepreneurs.
One potential reason behind this difference is that institutions that determine the continental European research system hold back the emergence of academic entrepreneurs.
Furthermore, the immigrant capital model can serve host country entrepreneurs to develop cross-cultural networks and jump-start entrepreneurial activities in their home countries as well as learn how to expand their operations into global markets.
Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 17 European countries, we find that a considerable proportion of the new entrepreneurs have started a business despite a negative perception of business opportunities as well as lack of confidence in their own entrepreneurial skills.

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