Is there a problem when a promotor is often used in one plasmid?5 answersUsing a promoter frequently in one plasmid can lead to several problems. First, it can result in the spread of antibiotic resistance through plasmids, which is a serious threat to fighting infections. Additionally, using the same promoter repeatedly can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance, making it crucial to understand plasmid transfer in nature to prevent this. Furthermore, using a single promoter in multiple plasmids can limit the diversity of gene expression and may not allow for optimal expression of different genes. Finally, using a promoter too frequently can lead to competition for transcription factors and other regulatory elements, potentially affecting the efficiency and specificity of gene expression.
What is pESL in plasmid of salmonella?5 answerspESL is not mentioned in any of the provided abstracts.
What is the effect of plasmid particle size on transformation?5 answersThe effect of plasmid particle size on transformation efficiency has been studied in several papers. It has been found that smaller sized plasmids (4.1-4.8kb) are more effective in transforming bacteria compared to larger ones (5.7-6kb). The transformation efficiency with small sized plasmids was significantly higher than that of large sized plasmids. This suggests that small sized plasmids are more suitable for use in cloning. The particle size of plasmids also affects the temperature and enthalpy of phase transformations, as well as the magnitude of thermal hysteresis. The enthalpy of transformation seems to vary with particle size due to the variation of surface area and surface energy. Therefore, plasmid particle size plays a crucial role in the efficiency of transformation processes.
Can PCR be performed using spent culture medium?5 answersPCR can be performed using spent culture medium. In one study, researchers recycled spent cell culture medium and used it in a pilot scale bioreactor for cell cultivation. They found that up to 65% of the harvested spent medium could be re-used in each repeated batch, resulting in a reduction of production costs. Another study mentioned the use of a bacterium-multiplying medium for PCR, which did not contain a phosphate salt. The bacterium was subjected to a bacterium-multiplying treatment in this medium, and when added to a reaction solution for PCR, the PCR reaction proceeded smoothly. Therefore, by recycling spent culture medium and using a bacterium-multiplying medium, PCR can be performed effectively.
How do phage plasmids verticaly transfer?5 answersPhage-plasmids undergo vertical gene transfer through segregational drift and loss-of-function mutations in the phage repressor gene, leading to constitutively lytic phage-plasmids that spread rapidly throughout the bacterial population. These phage-plasmids are packaged into virions, which are horizontally transferred by re-infecting lysogenized cells, resulting in an increase in phage-plasmid copy number. The uneven distribution of phage-plasmids after cell division, known as segregational drift, leads to the production of offspring carrying only the constitutively lytic phage-plasmid, thus restarting the lysis-reinfection-segregation life cycle. This continuous productive infection of the bacterial population allows for the coexistence of lytic and lysogenic phage-plasmids. The interplay between phage infection and plasmid genetics provides a unique eco-evolutionary strategy for phage-plasmids.
How to design plasmid?5 answersPlasmid design involves specifying a plasmid as a DNA sequence or list of features and finding the most cost-effective combination of synthetic and PCR-prepared repository fragments to build the plasmid via Gibson Assembly. Existing DNA sequences in user-specified and public DNA databases such as iGEM, Addgene, and DNASU are searched to find suitable fragments. This approach has been shown to reduce costs by 34% compared to a purely synthetic plasmid design approach. Computational plasmid design is challenging due to the diverse nature of plasmid genomes, but resources and bioinformatics tools are available to aid in the design process. Plasmids are commonly used as cloning vectors in genetic engineering, where foreign DNA segments are inserted into plasmids and stably maintained in the host under the control of the plasmid.