How pva can chang oil-wet to water wet sand stone reservoire?5 answersPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can change oil-wet to water-wet sandstone reservoirs by altering the surface properties of the rock. Studies have shown that the addition of surfactants, including PVA, can modify the wettability of sandstones from oil-wet to water-wet. Surfactant solutions have been found to reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water, leading to a shift in wettability. Additionally, the use of surfactants in combination with nanoparticles has shown promising results in enhancing oil recovery and wettability alteration in hydrophobic reservoirs. Understanding the wettability alteration mechanisms through surfactant injection, like PVA, is crucial for effective enhanced oil recovery processes in sandstone reservoirs with impaired wettability.
How asphaltin can change the water-wet to oil-wet sand sone?5 answersAsphaltene, a component of crude oil, can alter the wettability of sandstone from water-wet to oil-wet. The presence of thick water films on silica surfaces prevents asphaltene adhesion, inhibiting the transition to oil-wet conditions. In the processing of U.S. oil sands, wetting mechanisms involve bitumen film rupture and recession on sand grains, facilitating the transfer of bitumen to gas bubbles. Studies on asphaltene-induced wettability changes in sandstone cores show that water-wetness decreases significantly with increased ionic strength and cation valency, favoring oil-wet conditions. This alteration in wettability is crucial for enhancing oil recovery processes and can be applied in various oil sand ore dressing processes.
What is water reservoir in water cooler?5 answersA water reservoir in a water cooler is a crucial component that stores and circulates water for cooling purposes. It can have various designs and functionalities based on the specific cooling system it is integrated with. For instance, some water reservoirs are partitioned into inflow and outflow tanks to manage water circulation efficiently. Others may feature drain openings with water blockage caps for convenient drainage, enhancing user-friendliness and labor-saving benefits. In scenarios like cooling a reactor containment building, a cooling water storage reservoir is designed to passively cool the building during emergencies by allowing natural flow between different storage spaces within the reservoir. Additionally, ceramic water coolers utilize internal ceramic reservoirs that alkalize water through porous walls while being cooled by a refrigeration unit.
How are reservoirs considered in hydrological models?5 answersReservoirs are considered in hydrological models in various ways. One issue is the representation of reservoir catchment area, where grids containing a part of the catchment can result in under- or overestimation of reservoir inflow. This can lead to a compromise in the representation of the catchment area. Another issue arises when multiple dams are located in the same grid, as only one dam can be represented as part of the stream network. Current gridded hydrological models either classify reservoirs into groups or treat all reservoirs equally, but both approaches have limitations in conserving the reservoir set. To address these challenges, a novel scheme called subgrid catchment conservation (SCC) has been introduced, which aims to conserve reservoir catchment at all scales. This scheme has shown promising results in preserving the full reservoir set across different model resolutions. Additionally, generic reservoir operation models are used to model large-scale reservoir operations, focusing on specific purposes rather than real operations. These models aim to improve hydrological process modeling, but their performance, particularly for storage simulations, still needs improvement. New approaches, such as using different one-parameter linear operation rules for different reservoir storage levels, have been implemented to enhance the performance of these models.
What are the factors that affect the characteristics of a reservoir?4 answersThe characteristics of a reservoir are influenced by various factors. These factors include the rock type, sedimentation, diagenesis, mineral composition, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and compaction and cementation processes.The rock type, such as organic-rich marine shale or siliceous shale, determines the overall composition and properties of the reservoir. Sedimentation and diagenesis processes affect the formation of reservoir spaces and the quality of the reservoir. Mineral composition, including clay minerals, quartz, and carbonate minerals, influences the pore structure and reservoir quality. TOC content plays a role in the development of organic pores and affects the overall porosity and permeability of the reservoir. Compaction and cementation processes can reduce permeability by reducing primary pores, while dissolution processes can improve reservoir quality by creating secondary pores.
What is water storage and reservoirs for flooding?'?5 answersWater storage and reservoirs for flooding are systems designed to address the challenges posed by heavy rain seasons and flood events. These systems aim to store excessive water during periods of heavy rainfall and release it in a controlled manner to prevent localized flooding and ensure the safe capacity of waterways. Reservoirs can hold large amounts of water, allowing for water flow regulation downstream. They serve multiple purposes, including flood mitigation, water supply, and recreation. To effectively manage water storage and release, forecasting models based on upstream rainfall patterns can be used to make early decisions on water release before reservoirs reach their maximum capacity. Additionally, the use of drainage systems and soft materials in flood prevention apparatus can help control water levels and prevent flooding downstream. These systems and approaches are crucial for managing flood risks and ensuring the efficient utilization of water resources in flood-prone areas.