What are the disadvantages of using bead mill to cell disruption of microalgae?5 answersThe disadvantages of using bead milling for cell disruption of microalgae include high energy consumption and operating costs compared to other methods. Bead milling can result in inefficient disruption of certain microalgae strains, such as Tetraselmis suecica, leading to lower lipid extraction yields. Additionally, bead milling may not be as effective in releasing specific biochemical compounds, like phenolic compounds, when compared to other disruption methods. Moreover, bead milling can subject microalgae cells to higher shear rates than alternative methods, potentially impacting the integrity of sensitive intracellular components. Overall, while bead milling is efficient in some aspects of cell disruption, its drawbacks in terms of energy consumption, effectiveness on different microalgae strains, and impact on specific biochemical compounds should be considered when choosing a disruption method.
Time of operation of bead mill equipment for microalgae c.vulgaris at industrial scale?5 answersThe time of operation of bead mill equipment for microalgae C. vulgaris at an industrial scale can vary based on the specific equipment and processing parameters. Studies have shown that the degree of cell disruption and the efficiency of extraction increase with factors such as the bead diameter, agitator speed, and the number of passes through the chamber. Additionally, the addition of a polar co-solvent like ethanol can significantly enhance the total extract yield of lipids, chlorophyll, and carotenoids during bead milling processes. Furthermore, alternative cell disruption methods like pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment have demonstrated the potential to improve extraction yields of valuable compounds from microalgae, showcasing the importance of exploring various techniques for efficient extraction at an industrial scale.
Bead mill recovery for microalgae cell lysis percentage?5 answersBead milling has been extensively studied for efficient cell disruption in microalgae. Studies have shown that the efficiency of cell lysis using bead mills can vary significantly depending on the microalgae species and the specific conditions applied. For instance, in the case of Tetraselmis chui, differences in physiological states of the microalgae significantly impacted cell disruption and protein recovery yields, highlighting the importance of understanding the biological state of the microalgae prior to processing. Additionally, optimization studies on Nannochloropsis oceanica, Nannochloropsis gaditana, and Tetraselmis suecica revealed that bead milling was effective in extracting lipids from certain strains, with specific energy consumption being a crucial factor in process selection. Furthermore, continuous bead milling processes have been developed to enhance intracellular protein recovery, showcasing the potential for maximizing recovery efficiency in a scalable and economical manner.
How can rupture bacteria with disruptor bead?5 answersBacteria can be ruptured using disruptor beads through various methods. One effective technique involves mechanical disruption using small glass beads in the presence of agitation. This method has been shown to be successful for a range of bacterial genera including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Escherichia. Additionally, microfluidic chips with electroporation techniques have been utilized for Salmonella cell disruption, where a gold electrode array on a glass substrate is used to create an electric field that ruptures the bacterial cells. Furthermore, high-speed bead mills have been employed for the disruption of bakers' yeast, demonstrating the release of soluble proteins through disruption kinetics following a first-order rate equation. These methods showcase diverse approaches to effectively rupture bacteria using disruptor beads.
How much of bacterial cells are cultivable?5 answersThe cultivability of bacterial cells varies depending on the environment and species. It is estimated that only a small fraction, roughly one out of every 100 microbes, can be successfully cultivated in the lab. This limitation is known as "The Great Plate Count Anomaly". Factors such as the nutrients in the growth media, temperature, and pH can influence the ability to cultivate microbes. Additionally, some bacteria may require specific ingredients or conditions that are difficult to replicate in the laboratory, leading to their uncultivability. It is important to note that the concept of a pure culture may not always hold true, as microbial consortia can interact to form what appear to be single pure cultures. Overall, the ability to cultivate bacterial cells is limited, and our knowledge of the microbial world is still constrained by our inability to grow many of these unculturable microbes in the lab.
What is percent yield?1 answersPercent yield refers to the percentage of participants in a group who form a set of equivalence classes. It is used to measure the effect of different training protocols on class formation and expansion, identify variables that enhance the immediate emergence of these classes, and characterize the differential relatedness of class members. In the context of forestry, yield level refers to the potentiality of a site to produce wood. The General Yield Level is the relative total production per unit area for a given mean or top height, while the Specific Yield Level specifies the variation in the total volume production of stands of a given age and site quality class. In the context of stock exchange investments, yield refers to the return or annual yield from the funds invested, which may not be the same as the nominal rate of interest on the stockholding. In the manufacturing industry, process yield is a criterion used to measure process performance, and methods for measuring yield for processes with multiple characteristics have been developed.