Showing papers on "Alcohol fuel published in 1997"

Compact multi-fuel steam reformer

Abstract: A compact, mobile fuel converter for producing molecular hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels, such as automotive gasoline, or other fuels such as methanol and ethanol has a steam reformer for producing molecular hydrogen from a pressurized and desulfurized fuel and water vapor preheated by flue gases from the fuel processor. The fuel processor is fed with the desulfurized fuel and water mix and a burner is provided to combust off-gas from the fuel processor reaction. Uncombusted off-gas is depressurized and mixed with auxiliary fuel used in the burner. Hydrogen produced in the fuel processor by the steam reforming process is separated from other reformate products using membrane filtration.

Diesel fuel having improved qualities and method of forming

Abstract: A mixture of alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes, having a varied mixture of molecular weights, is blended with diesel fuel to form an improved fuel for autoignition engines. The mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes may be produced by reacting paraformaldehyde with methylal, methanol, or other alcohol for a length of time and at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form the mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes. The base diesel fuel, when blended with the mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes in a volume ratio of from about 2 to about 5 parts diesel fuel to 1 part mixed alkoxy-terminated poly-oxymethylenes, provides a higher quality fuel having significantly improved lubricity and reduced smoke formation, without degradation of the cetane number or smoke formation characteristics when compared with the base diesel fuel.

Used Sunflower Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines

Abstract: Used sunflower oil was blended with grade No. 2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20 / 80 (v / v). The fuel blend was tested in a diesel engine with a precombustion chamber at speeds between 1200 and 2100 rpm. The fuel blend and the diesel fuel were rated according to standard test methods. It was found that for short-term use the fuel blend has characteristics similar to those of the baseline diesel fuel and that it displayed less smoke emission than the diesel fuel.

Alternative diesel fuel study on four different types of vegetable oils of Turkish origin

Abstract: Four different types of vegetable oils of Turkish origin (sunflower, com, soybean, and olive oil) were blended with grade 2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v). Blends were investigated in a diesel engine with a precombustion chamber at speeds between 1200 and 2100 rpm. Vegetable oils, diesel fuel, and fuel blends were characterized according to standard test methods. It was found that for short-term use, the fuel blends have engine characteristics similar to the, baseline diesel fuel. Fuel blends also display less smoke emissions than diesel fuel.

Biodiesel from rapeseed oil of Turkish origin as an alternative fuel

Abstract: The crude rapeseed oil was transesterified using methanol and using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst, and the varieties affecting the monoester yield were investigated. The methyl ester fuel called Biodiesel, produced under the determined optimum reaction conditions, was tested according to the standard methods for its fuel properties. Biodiesel fuel properties were found to be very close to those of Grade No. 2-D diesel fuel.

Hydrogen as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles: A technical and economic comparison

Abstract: All fuel cells currently being developed for near term use in vehicles require hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen can be stored directly or produced onboard the vehicle by reforming methanol, ethanol or hydrocarbon fuels derived from crude oil (e.g., Diesel, gasoline or middle distillates). The vehicle design is simpler with direct hydrogen storage, but requires developing a more complex refueling infrastructure. In this paper, the authors compare three leading options for fuel storage onboard fuel cell vehicles: compressed gas hydrogen storage; onboard steam reforming of methanol; onboard partial oxidation (POX) of hydrocarbon fuels derived from crude oil. Equilibrium, kinetic and heat integrated system (ASPEN) models have been developed to estimate the performance of onboard steam reforming and POX fuel processors. These results have been incorporated into a fuel cell vehicle model, allowing us to compare the vehicle performance, fuel economy, weight, and cost for various fuel storage choices and driving cycles. A range of technical and economic parameters were considered. The infrastructure requirements are also compared for gaseous hydrogen, methanol and hydrocarbon fuels from crude oil, including the added costs of fuel production, storage, distribution and refueling stations. Considering both vehicle and infrastructure issues, the authors compare hydrogen to othermore » fuel cell vehicle fuels. Technical and economic goals for fuel cell vehicle and hydrogen technologies are discussed. Potential roles for hydrogen in the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles are sketched.« less

Diesel fuel additives and diesel fuel composition

Abstract: There is provided a diesel fuel additive comprising a salt of a carboxylic acid and an aliphatic amine, or an amide obtained by dehydration-condensation between a carboxylic acid and an aliphatic amine The fuel additive can be incorporated into a diesel fuel in an amount of not more than 1 wt% The additive reduces the amount of deposit in the injection nozzle of a compression-ignition diesel engine, improves lubricity of the diesel fuel, and reduces wear of the fuel injection pump of the engine

Effect of Some Turkish Vegetable Oil-Diesel Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emissions

Abstract: For different types of vegetable oils of Turkish origin (sunflower, com, soybean, and olive oil) were blended with grade No. 2-D diesel fuel at a ratio of 20/80 (v/v). The effect of the compression ratio on exhaust emissions is investigated in an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine working with the mentioned fuel blends and a baseline diesel fuel. A decrease in soot, CO, CO2, and HC emissions and an increase in NOx emissions have been observed for fuel blends compared to diesel fuel.

Catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels

Abstract: Catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are presented which are suitable for use in internal combustion engines, said fuels flowing from renewable carbon resources and providing a clean burn which is environmentally safe as compared to conventional fossil fuels. The internal combustion engines can be run on alcohol fuels containing significant amounts of water and a catalyst comprised of the oxides of selected Group IIA and Group IIB elements; and even though the energy densities of the catalyzed lower alcohol-water based fuels are less than gasoline, the catalyzed lower alcohols-water based fuels provide combustion which is more complete which potentially renders these fuels much more environmentally friendly.

Clean Fuels for Asia: Technical Options for Moving Toward Unleaded Gasoline and Low-Sulfur Diesel

Abstract: Expanding motor vehicle population is a major cause of air pollution in many Asian cities. This report describes strategies, incentives, and methods to increase the use of clean fuels and focuses on the abatement of vehicular pollution through the use of cleaner fuels, such as unleaded gasoline and lower sulfur diesel. It aims to provide decisionmakers with a methodology for making informed choices concerning the production and use of cleaner transport fuels for motor vehicles. Transport demand management, inspection and maintenance, and advancement of vehicle technology are the other components of vehicle pollution prevention program. This report recommends that governments adopt a strategy for the progressive elimination of lead from gasoline. In conjunction with catalytic converters, unleaded gasoline use results in reductions in major pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Unleaded gasoline should be made cheaper than leaded gasoline at the pump. In addition to this priority step, it is also crucial that other clean fuels be promoted. For example, the sulfur content of diesel fuel should be reduced to control emissions of sulfur and particulates. Alternative clean fuels such as natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas should also be promoted. Poorly maintained cars are responsible for a disproportionate amount of emissions. Regular inspection and maintenance of vehicles results in a substantial reduction in particulate, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide emissions.

Methanol-Unleaded Gasoline Blends Containing Fusel Oil Fraction as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel

Abstract: In the search for fuel alternatives for spark ignition engines, alcohol-gasoline blends draw considerable attention. For a successful application of gasoline-methanol mixtures as motor fuel, the realization of a stable homogeneous liquid phase is one of the major problems. In this work, phase separation problems of methanol-gaso-line mixtures, which were prepared by adding 15% methanol to unleaded gasoline, were solved by using a fusel oil fraction as the new blending agent. The stable fuel alternatives thus prepared were then tested for fuel properties and performance in the engine, and fuel alternatives for the spark ignition engines were proposed.

Chemical and biological characterisation of exhaust emissions from ethanol and ethanol blended diesel fuels in comparison with neat diesel fuels.

Abstract: This report presents results from a project with the aim of investigating the potential environmental and health impact of emissions from ethanol, ethanol blended diesel fuels and to compare these ...

Additive composition for diesel fuel for motor driven vehicles

Abstract: The invention concerns a composite additive for diesel fuel for engine driven vehicles containing Dimenthyldithiocarbonate , ethylic aldehyde and ethyl nitrate mixed together. The composite additive is added to the diesel fuel in an effective quantity from 4 to 5 v/v % to improve the combustion of said diesel fuel in endothermic Diesel cycle engines.

The Direct Methanol Liquid-Feed Fuel Cell

Abstract: Until the early 1990's the idea of a practical direct methanol fuel cell from transportation and other applications was just that, an idea. Several types of fuel cells that operate under near ambient conditions were under development.

Solid alcohol fuel composite and its prepn.

Abstract: The solid alcohol fuel composite consists of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, cellulose ester as hardening agnet and water. It has high heat value, contains no sulphur, chlorine, phosphorus, heavy metal elements and other toxic matter, and produces no bad and irritant smell and harmful gas during combustion. The said fuel composite is easyto produce.

The origin of organic pollutants from the combustion of alternative fuels: Phase IV report

Abstract: As part of the US-DOE`s on-going interest in the use of alternative automotive fuels, the University of Dayton Research Institute has been conducting research on pollutant emissions resulting from the combustion of candidate fuels. This research, under the direction and sponsorship of the NREL, has been concerned primarily with the combustion of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), methanol, and ethanol. In the first 24 months of this program, studies of the oxygen rich, stoichiometric, and fuel-rich thermal degradation of these fuels in the temperature range of 300 to 1100{degrees}C at atmospheric pressure and for reaction times of 1.0 and 2.0 s were completed. Trace organic products were identified and quantified for each fuel as a function of temperature. The results of these studies agreed well with the results of tail-pipe emission studies in that the types and quantity of emissions measured in both the laboratory and engine tests were shown to be very similar under certain operating conditions. However, some chemicals were observed in the laboratory studies that were not observed in the engine studies and vice versa. This result is important in that it has implications concerning the origin of these emissions. Experiments concerning the NO perturbedmore » oxidation of methanol, M85, ethanol, and E85 indicated the presence of complex oxidation chemistry. At mild temperatures, NO addition resulted in enhanced fuel conversion. At elevated temperatures, an inhibitory effect was observed through increased yields of both partial oxidation and pyrolysis-type reaction products. Comparison of flow reactor product distributions with engine test results generally indicated improved comparisons when NO was added to the fuel. Analysis of secondary components of alcohol fuels resulted in some unexpected observations. Several previously unidentified species were observed in these experiments which may impact atmospheric reactivity assessments of these fuels.« less