Showing papers on "Avena published in 1982"

Small Grain Crop Forage Potential: I. Biological and Chemical Determinants of Quality, and Yield 1

Abstract: Complete, up-to-date information is not available on the forage quality and yield potential of spring-sown small grain crops. Our objectives were to determine forage quality and yield potential of cultivars of small grain crops representative of those currently recommended for grain production in the northern states, and to ascertain the relationship between chemical components and in vitro rumen digestibility of these forages at a wide range of maturity stages. Two cultivars each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), triticale (Triticum durum Desf. × Secale cereale L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgate L.) were grown at each of two locations during 2 years and harvested at each of six maturity stages. In vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) concentration of the average of the four small grain crop forages ranged from 80 to 58% as maturation ranged from flag leaf to dough stage. Cell wall constituents (CWC) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations increased with maturation at the early stages and then leveled offat the later maturity stages, whereas acid detergent lignin (ADL) concentration increased linearly with increased maturation. Acid detergent lignin concentration was highly negatively correlated with IVDDM of the crops at each of the six maturity stages, and ADL was best associated of all chemical constituents with IVDDM. The barley cultivars tested in this study often had greater nutritive value than did the cultivars of oats, wheat, or triticale. Barley also had the least grass tetany potential, but the greatest milk fever potential, as estimated by K/(Ca+Mg) and Ca/P ratios, respectively. The wheat cultivars often yielded less dry matter and the barley cultivars usually yielded more IVDDM than did those of the other species.

Protoplasts isolated from aleurone layers of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) exhibit the classic response to gibberellic acid.

Abstract: Viable, long-lived, gibberellic acid (GA3)-responsive protoplasts have, for the first time, been isolated from aleurone layers of mature wild oat (Avena fatua L.) grain. More than 90% of the cells of aleurone layers are recovered as protoplasts, and these respond to treatment with GA3 in essentially the same manner as the tissue from which they were derived. Protoplasts become vacuolate during incubation in vitro and, although not dependent upon GA3, vacuolation is markedly stimulated by the hormone. Amylase and ribonuclease (RNase) are produced and secreted only in the presence of GA3 and only after lag periods of 3 d and 4 d respectively. The amounts of amylase produced and secreted are proportional to GA3 concentrations as low as 1.61·10-13 M. With increasing concentrations of mannitol in the culture medium both vacuolation and the GA3-induced production and secretion of enzymes are inhibited progressively, the latter being precluded by 0.6 M to 0.7 M mannitol.

RECEPTIVITE DE CULTIVARS DE CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS A LA CONTAMINATION DES GRAINES SUR INFLORESCENCE PAR LES Fusarium SPP.

Abstract: The incidence of Fusarium spp. in seeds was determined in 21 samples of each of 34 lines of spring cereals, namely 13 lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum), 13 lines of oats (Avena sativa) and 8 lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare), harvested in Quebec in 1978. The number of surface-sterilized seeds displaying Fusarium on a selective agar medium was used as a basis of determination. Average infection in wheat cultivars was 11%, as against 15% in oats and in barley. Significant differences were found among cultivars in all three cereals, being the most marked in wheat and the least marked in barley. There is a significant negative correlation between plant height and seed infection of the lines involved in the three species: r = −0,61 (wheat), −0,66 (oats), −0,90 (barley). Life span of the crop is also significantly related to infection of wheat lines (r = +0,76). Moreover, lines of hard wheat (Neepawa, BW-20, Sinton) are all less infected than lines of soft wheat, just as lines of malting barley (OAC 21,...

Translocation of Different 2,4-D, Bentazon, Diclofop, or Diclofop-Methyl Combinations in Oat (Avena sativa) and Soybean (Glycine max)

Abstract: Oat (Avena sativa L. ‘Elgin′) and soybean (Glycine max L. ‘Evans′) were treated with 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propionic acid]} or 14C-diclofop alone or in combination with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and 14C-2,4-D alone or in combination with diclofop-methyl or diclofop. More radioactivity was recovered in the treatment zone after 14C-diclofop-methyl applications, alone or in combination, than after similar 14C-diclofop treatments in oat and soybean. Basipetal movement of radioactivity was 4 and 1% and acropetal movement was 1 and 4% in oat and soybean, respectively, regardless of the diphenyl ether treatment or time. Addition of 2,4-D or bentazon did not reduce translocation of radioactivity from 14C-diclofop-methyl treatments in either plant species. Basipetal movement of radioactivity from 14C-diclofop-methyl was greater than from 14C-diclofop in both oat and soybean. The addition of diclofop-methyl or diclofop did not affect the pattern or amount of 14C-2,4-D radioactivity translocated. In oats, radioactivity appeared to accumulate within the intercalary meristematic region with 14C-2,4-D and 14C-diphenyl-ether applications. Diclofop-methyl at 1 kg/ha applied either to an entire oat plant at the three-leaf stage or the apical meristemic region resulted in plant mortality. The extent to which transport contributes to diclofop-methyl efficacy is questioned.

Measurement of lipase activity in single grains of oat (Avena sativa L.)

Abstract: Lipase activity (LA) in individual oat grains was measured as the increase in free fatty acid (FFA) content by lipolysis of the endogenous lipid in a crushed sample of seed incubated at 38 C for 30 min. FFA content was determined by a modified copper soap method. The dough stage, about 2 weeks before normal harvest, showed the highest LA. Stored samples of mature grains showed about 45–50% loss of LA in 2 years.

Metabolism of diclofop‐methyl in cell cultures of Avena sativa and Avena fatua

Abstract: The metabolism of the herbicide, diclofop-methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2′, 4′-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate), in cell suspension cultures of Avena sativa L. (cv. Garry) and in callus of Avena fatua L. (transferred to liquid) was determined as a function of time (8 h to about 3 weeks) and was compared to previous metabolism data from intact plants. A. fatua metabolized 14C-labeled diclofop-methyl more rapidly than A. sativa, but the metabolites formed were similar if not identical. Within 2 days, approximately 50% of the total 14C recovered was in A. fatua cells whereas less than 15% was in A. sativa cells. In older cultures of A. fatua, the amounts of 14C in the cells and in the medium were about 45% each; 10 to 12% was in the non-extractable cell residue. The 14C recovered from A. sativa cells increased to a maximum of about 35% at 7 days and then slowly decreased to about 18% by 21 days, whereas the 14C in the medium of A. sativa decreased to about 60% at 7 days and then increased to over 75% by 21 days. The nonextractable 14C residue was 5% or less even after 21 days. Major metabolites in methanolic extracts of cells of both A. sativa and A. fatua were diclofop (2-[4-(2′, 4′-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate), diclofop hydroxylated at an undetermined position on the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ring (ring OH-diclofop), and conjugates of diclofop and ring-OH diclofop.

Feasibility of oats (Avena sativa L.) as an oilseed crop

Abstract: Raising the energy content of the oat (Avena sativa L.) groats by increasing their oil percentage could improve the economic value of oats as ci feed grain and as a source of culinary oil for human con­ sumption. Relative importance of genotype x environment interaction for groat-oil content and grain yield and the correlations of oil con­ tent with yield and maturity were evaluated for ten cultivars grown in three Iowa locations in each of two years. Cultivar x location mean squares were significant for both traits but were much smaller, relative to cultivar mean squares, for groat-oil content than for grain yield. Ranking of oat cultivars for groat-oil content was similar in all environments. Oil content was positively correlated with grain yield in both years (r = 0.62* and 0.63*) and negatively but nonsignificantly associated with maturity (r = -0.28 and -0.48). These relationships are favorable for the development of highyielding, high-groat oil cultivars. They are in agreement with previous reports and may apply generally within A. sativa.