Showing papers on "Body water published in 1968"

A Longitudinal Study of Adaptive Changes in Oxygen Transport and Body Composition

Abstract: The effects of a 20-day period of bed rest followed by a 55-day period of physical training were studied in five male subjects, aged 19 to 21. Three of the subjects had previously been sedentary, and two of them had been physically active. The studies after bed rest and after physical training were both compared with the initial control studies. Effects of Bed Rest All five subjects responded quite similarly to the bed rest period. The total body weight remained constant; however, lean body mass, total body water, intracellular fluid volume, red cell mass, and plasma volume tended to decrease. Electron microscopic studies of quadriceps muscle biopsies showed no significant changes. There was no effect on total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, one-second expiratory volume, alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference, or membrane diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. Total diffusing capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume were slightly lower after bed rest. These changes were related to changes...

Body Fluid Partitioning in Reptilia

Abstract: The total body water and its apportionment among the major fluid compartments was studied in fifteen species or subspecies of reptiles, representing four orders and seven families. Five were freshwater forms, five marine, four terrestrial, and one brackish water. No parameter appeared to be related to size of animals employed. Hematocrit as well as specific gravity of both plasma and whole blood were lower in freshwater forms than in marine or terrestrial ones. Body water content of marine and terrestrial species was lower than that of freshwater forms. Extracellular fluid volume was higher in both marine and terrestrial than in freshwater forms, and this pattern was reflected in both sub-compartments, plasma and interstitial fluid, as well as in whole blood volume. Elevation of extracellular fluid volume was entirely at the expense of the intracellular compartment. The departure of marine and terrestrial forms from the pattern of freshwater species was in every case more pronounced in marine than in terrestrial reptiles. The body fluid apportionment of the brackish water diamondback terrapin resembled that of the marine species. However, intracellular water was the lowest of any species studied, and extracellular volume was the highest. The latter was accounted for entirely by an elevated interstitial fluid volume. The total body water and its apportionment among the major fluid compartments was studied in fifteen species or subspecies of reptiles, representing four orders and seven families. Five were freshwater forms, five marine, four terrestrial, and one brackish water. No parameter appeared to be related to size of animals employed. Hematocrit as well as specific gravity of both plasma and whole blood were lower in freshwater forms than in marine or terrestrial ones. Body water content of marine and terrestrial species was lower than that of freshwater forms. Extracellular fluid volume was higher in both marine and terrestrial than in freshwater forms, and this pattern was reflected in both sub-compartments, plasma and interstitial fluid, as well as in whole blood volume. Elevation of extracellular fluid volume was entirely at the expense of the intracellular compartment. The departure of marine and terrestrial forms from the pattern of freshwater species was in every case more pronounced in marine than in terrestrial reptiles. The body fluid apportionment of the brackish water diamondback terrapin resembled that of the marine species. However, intracellular water was the lowest of any species studied, and extracellular volume was the highest. The latter was accounted for entirely by an elevated interstitial fluid volume.

Effects of body size on potassium-40 measurement in the whole body counter (tilt-chair technique).

Abstract: The precision of 40K determination in man by the tilt-chair technique is compromised by geometrical and self absorption factors. In an attempt to improve calibration accuracy simultaneous measurements of 40K and total body water (deuterium dilution) were made in 50 subjects of widely varying body size. The results show that neither height nor weight per se affects the observed body ratio of 40K/H2O, and that the principal systematic error concerns the relative fat content of the subject. Correction of the observed 40K values for this factor improves the accuracy of the measurement.

Fluid and electrolyte balance during acute withdrawal in chronic alcoholic patients.

Abstract: Total body water, extracellular volume, and plasma volume were measured in 30 well-nourished, chronic alcoholics. Plasma and erythrocyte electrolyte concentration and excretion were measured. Isosmotic overhydration with normal concentrations was found on admission to the hospital. With no specific fluid or electrolyte therapy, total body water level decreased to normal four days later. Abnormal liver function was found in all patients. Empirical and ubiquitous use of fluids in alcoholics, presumed to be dehydrated, may only exacerbate overhydration.

The effect of trauma on extracellular water volume.

Abstract: MAJOR SURGERY and hemorrhagic shock represent typical examples of body injuries in which adequate blood and fluid replacement may be vital for recovery. Although the metabolic effects of surgical trauma have been the subject of many studies over the last 20 years, posttraumatic changes in body water composition remain controversial. In fact, current disagreement exists over whether there is a change in extracellular water volume greater than that explained by losses from the vascular compartment. 1-6 Shires and others 7-10 have reported a large deficit in the interstitial fluid volume after major surgery and hemorrhagic shock. This observation has led to the infusion of large volumes of balanced salt solutions during and after surgery. On the other hand, excessive use of salt-containing solutions may be associated with serious side effects particularly in the elderly patient with cardiovascular, renal, or liver disease. 11,12 It should be recognized that much of the

Body composition in vivo. IX. The relation of body composition to the tritiated water spaces of ewes and wethers fasted for short periods

Abstract: Correlations are described between tritiated water space, total body water, fat, and protein in sheep subjected to 18–21 hr of fasting. These provide a system for estimating the body composition of living ruminants.

4. Body Water Compartments and the Distribution of Drugs

Abstract: Definitions of the anatomical organization of body fluids critically influence the interpretation of such varied studies as metabolic balances, tracer dilution measurements, tissue analyses and some pharmacokinetic studies. The body water compartments in an "average" normal young adult male are shown in Figure 4.1. This organization was reached after a careful review of the literature by Edelman and Leibman (1959). The boundaries of the p'lasma volume are provided by the cellular elements of blood and the heart and blood vessels. It should be noted, however, that plasma proteins and cellular elements cross into and out of the circulation in the fiver, spleen and bone marrow. In close functional and structural relationship to the plasma is the interstitial-lymph fluid volume. The volumes of distribution of inulin, mannitol and sucrose closely approximate the sum of the plasma volume and the interstitial-lymph volume (see Table 4.1). Dense connective tissue and cartilege water is distinguished not only anatomically but also in that tracers penetrate it much more slowly or not at all. The volume of this compartment is assessed indirectly. Total skeletal water has been estimated as 3.4 L for a 70 Kg man, based on bone being 16 percent of body weight. Of this only about 10 percent is readily accessible, leaving the remainder as inaccessible bone water which is estimated as 4.5 percent of body weight or 7.5 percent of total body water. The term transcellular fluids was introduced to designate a variety of extracellular fluid connections which are not simple transudates and which have the common property of being formed by the transport activity of cells. These fluids are found in the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver and biliary tree, the thyroid gland, the gonads, the skin, the mucous membranes of the respira-

Sources of error in testing for PKU.

Abstract: I would like to comment on the article by J. C. Sinclair, et al. (Pediatrics, 39:724, 1967), "Metabolic Reference Standards for the Neonate." In the course of my work on the composition of the human organism, I also found the difference weight-extracellular fluid (= W-ECF). The fact that the composition of W-ECF is a rather constant one may be seen from the following calculation: if total body water content is assumed to be 71% of body mass with newborn and 61% with male adults, it follows that the proportion of intracellular water in W-ECF remains almost unchanged during growth.