Showing papers on "Capitalism published in 1973"

The fiscal crisis of the state

Abstract: Fiscal Crisis of the State refers to the tendency of government expenditures to outpace revenues in the U.S. in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but its relevance to other countries of the period and also in today's global economy is evident. When government expenditure constitutes a larger and larger share of total economy theorists who ignore the impact of the state budget do so at their own (and capitalism's) peril. This volume examines how changes in tax rates and tax structure used to regulate private economic activity. O'Connor theorizes that particular expenditures and programs and the budget as a whole can be understood only in terms of power relationships within the private economy. O'Connor's analysis includes an anatomy of American state capitalism, political power and budgetary control in the United States, social capital expenditures, social expenses of production, financing the budget, and the scope and limits of reform. He shows that the simultaneous growth of monopoly power and the state itself generate an increasingly severe social crisis. State monopolies indirectly determine the state budget by generating needs that the state must satisfy. The state administration organizes production as a result of a series of political decisions. Over time, there is a tendency for what O'Connor calls the social expenses of production to rise, and the state is increasingly compelled to socialize these expenses. The state has three ways to finance increased budgetary outlays: create state enterprises that produce social expenditures; issue debt and borrowing against further tax revenues; raise tax rates and introduce new taxes. None of these mechanisms are satisfactory. Neither the development of state enterprise nor the growth of state debt liberates the state from fiscal concerns. Similarly, tax finance is a form of economic exploitation and thus a problem for class analysis. O'Connor contends that the fiscal crisis of the capitalist state is the inev

Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered

Abstract: The classic of common-sense economics. "Enormously broad in scope, pithily weaving together threads from Galbraith and Gandhi, capitalism and Buddhism, science and psychology."-- The New Republic

The political economy of development and underdevelopment

Abstract: Part 1 Theory and method in economic development: development - which way now?, Amartya K. Sen the misconceptions of "developmental economics", Deepak Lal conventional foolishness and overall ignorance - current approaches to global transformation and development, Gerald Helleiner toward a non ethnocentric theory of development - alternative conceptions from the Third World, Howard H. Wiarda. Part 2 Economic development and underdevelopment in a historical perspective: capitalism, Dudley Dillard on the political economy of backwardness, Paul A. Baran the development of underdevelopment, Andre Gunder Frank perspectives on underdevelopment, Frank, the modes of production school, and Amin, David F. Ruccio, Lawrence H. Simon plant imperialism, Lucile Brockway the modernization of underdevelopment - El Salvador, 1858-1931, E. Bradford Burns. Part 3 Development, democracy and contemporary international institutions: revolution in Easten Europe, Andre Gunder Frank options for tacking the external debt problem, Robert Devlin defunding Latin America - reverse transfers by the multilateral lending agencies, Richard E. Feinberg. Part 4 Agriculture in development: in search of a development paradigm, Gene Ellis the new development economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz the peasant economy, Alexander Schejtman the political economy of Third World food imports, Derek Byerlee. Part 5 Industry in development: industry and underdevelopment reexamined, R. B. Sutcliffe global feminization through flexible labour, Guy Standing the political economy of privatization in developing countries, Henry Bienen, John Waterbury can the rest of Asia emulate the NICs, Clive Hamilton the state and industrial strategy, Helen Shapiro, Lance Taylor. Part 6 The human dimension of development: the human dilemma of development, Denis Goulet, Charles Wilber survival strategies and power amongst the poorest, Tony Beck into another jungle - the final journey of the Matacos, Ariel Dorfman women and rural development policies, Deniz Kandiyoti what really matters - human development, Peter Gall. Part 7 What is to be done?: "development".. .or liberation, Denis Goulet pedagogy of the oppressed, Paulo Freire human development, Keith Griffin, John Knight the arms race and development, Inga Thorsson conserving nature, decreasing debt, John Cartwright beyond capitalism and socialism in Africa, Richard L. Sklar.

The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism

Abstract: This book argues the case for a society organized by private property, individual rights, and voluntary co-operation, with little or no government. David Friedman's standpoint, known as 'anarcho-capitalism', has attracted a growing following as a desirable social ideal since the first edition of The Machinery of Freedom appeared in 1971. This new edition is thoroughly revised and includes much new material, exploring fresh applications of the author's libertarian principles. Among topics covered: how the U.S. would benefit from unrestricted immigration; why prohibition of drugs is inconsistent with a free society; why the welfare state mainly takes from the poor to help the not-so-poor; how police protection, law courts, and new laws could all be provided privately; what life was really like under the anarchist legal system of medieval Iceland; why non-intervention is the best foreign policy; why no simple moral rules can generate acceptable social policies -- and why these policies must be derived in part from the new discipline of economic analysis of law.

The social organisation of the peasantry: The economic basis of Kinship

Abstract: This paper is mainly concerned with ‘traditional’ peasant organisation in West Africa. The first two parts deal with the social organisation of peasantries on two levels: that of the productive units and that of relations among these units. Finally, it deals more briefly with the transformation of the social organisation of agricultural production under the impact of market development and capitalism. A basic contention is that the social organisation of the peasantry is built around the relations of production as they grow from the economic constraints of agricultural activities and around the need for reproduction of the productive unit.

Capitalism, Class, and Crime in America

Abstract: Conventional public analyses of crime, both conservative and liberal, begin with the assumption that crimes are committed by irrational individuals who constitute a threat to a rational social order. Sharing that initial assumption, conservatives and liberals diverge in their policy approaches to deterring criminality. Some recent orthodox economic analyses of crime, having begun to re lax the assumption, view crime as a process of rational choice by criminals; they offer the possibility of "optimal" crime preven tion policies through the application of conventional economic models.

On Economic Systems

Abstract: Some people talk of two ways to economic development, the capitalist way and the socialist way. In fact, a great variety of economic systems coexist in the world today. Britain in the nineteenth century provided the leading example of the ‘capitalist’ way of economic development and the Soviet Union in the Stalinist period was a classic case of a centrally planned economy. But other countries have followed other paths. They do not all fall into two clear-cut types. It is a largely fruitless exercise to try and force into this twofold classification countries as diverse in their economic organisation as, for instance, Japan, Mexico, the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and the United Arab Republic. The market economy and the centrally planned economy can be discussed as ideal types. It is also useful to enquire into the historical role of capitalism. But when we talk of the contemporary world, we are not dealing simply with two economic systems and two paths to economic growth. There are, in fact, many ways, and different ways are suitable in different circumstances.

Neo-Marxist approaches to development and underdevelopment

Abstract: “… But (the Western European Capitalist countries) are not completing this development [towards socialism] as we previously expected they would. They are completing it not through a steady ‘maturing’ of socialism, but through the exploitation of some states by others …” -Lenin, Better Fewer, But Better (his last article), 1923. “… There are two types of capitalism — capitalism of the imperialist countries and colonial capitalism … In the colonies capitalism is not a product of local conditions and development, but is fostered by the penetration of foreign capital.” -Trotsky, speech at the 3rd anniversary of the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, 1924.

R. H. Tawney and His Times: Socialism as Fellowship

Abstract: Introduction: An Approach to Tawney A Saint But Not a Thinker? Reconstructing Tawney The Significance of Style Political Thought and British Politics PART ONE: Tawney's Life 1. Moral Quest, 1880-1914 India, Rugby, Balliol: In a World He Never Made Charity and Slums He "Finds Himself" in Workers' Education 2. Socialist Politics, 1915-1931 War: "I Suppose It's Worth It" Public Figure: Miners and Bishops The London School of Economics, with Distractions 3. Squire of Houghton Street, 1932-1942 Political Troubles Teacher, Colleague, Watchdog of Education To America 4. Sage, 1943-1962 War a Springboard for Socialism? Academia: Hood, Knife, Pen "The Roots Are Loosened" PART TWO: Tawney's Socialism 5. Equality Aspects of Equality Equality and Equal Worth Equality and Self-Fulfillment Equality and Social Function The Fruits of Equality 6. Dispersion of Power The Threat of Authoritarianism The Nature of Power Power Must Be Dispersed Purpose and Power 7. Social Function Purpose Service The Basis of Rights 8. Citizenship A Place in the House or a New House? Departure from a Victorian Tradition Education, Myth, and Citizenship A Socialist Way of Life Trusting the People 9. Fellowship Recover Fraternity? Up From Liberalism Interlude of Possibility The Key Is Fellowship Within Reach of Each Other PART THREE: Tawney Today 10. Vulnerabilities The Problem of Common Ends Britain and the World Marxism's Changed Position Politics, Rationality, and Institutional Change Reduced Role of Christianity 11. Tawney's Importance The Case Against Capitalism Combating Unbridled Capitalism and Authoritarianism The Challenge of Collectivism Christianity and Socialism Humanistic Socialism Tawney's Place in British Socialism On Sources Bibliography of the Published Writings of R. H. Tawney Notes Index

Comparative Models of Social Responsibility

Abstract: The polar classical capitalist and communist models of achieving the public interest are being changed and further modifications have been advocated. However, weaknesses common to the proposed chan...

Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism The Case of the Indian Civil Service

Abstract: Why did European countries abandon colonies after the Second World War? No acceptable theory exists to help us with this question—theory neither in the sense of conceptualizations which ‘map out the problem area and thus prepare the ground for its empirical investigation’, nor in the sense of a set of interconnected hypotheses about the specific reality of the end of colonialism which can be validated or refuted by empirical research. Lenin's classic work on imperialism develops powerful theoretical insights regarding the establishment, growth and nature of imperialism, but it does not refer directly to the end of the specific form of imperialism which concerns us here, namely colonialism, although one may infer from Lenin's work the very general proposition that imperialism disappears when capitalism is replaced by socialism. Imperialism as a consequence of capitalism is still with us today, yet colonies have been abandoned. Lenin's theory is not refuted, but at the same time it does not help us directly with an explanation for the end of colonialism.

Backward capitalism, primitive accumulation and modes of production

Abstract: (1973). Backward capitalism, primitive accumulation and modes of production. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 393-413.

Foreign Expansion as an “Institutional Necessity” for U.S. Corporate Capitalism: The Search for a Radical Model

Abstract: Is foreign economic expansion in some sense an “institutional necessity” for corporate capitalism in the United States? Is there something inherent in the internal dynamics of American capitalism that creates such strong pressures for foreign private investment that the U.S. Government must consider the creation and preservation of an international system that facilitates such expansion to be among our most vital national interests? What yardstick can measure the opportunities, the needs, die necessity of investing abroad, or tie cost and risk if tiie option of foreign private investment is threatened

Dimensions of Corporate Power, Pt. 2

Abstract: Society has bestowed substantial wealth, status, and power upon corporate managers as recompense for their contributions to contemporary American life—and, in fact, large business has become synonymous with American capitalism. This second of a two-part series delves into three more aspects of corporate power: technological power, power over the environment, and, particularly, political power.

The Technological Ethic and the Spirit of International Relations

Abstract: Most analyses of the relationships between technology and international relations have concentrated on the impact of new technological inputs-nuclear weapons, missiles, fertilizers, IUDs, mass communications media, and the like-upon the international system or upon national decision-making (see particularly Ogburn, 1949; Haskins, 1964; Skolnikoff, 1967). The argument here will be that, while such analyses are necessary and useful, they are incomplete and often misleading in that they do not sufficiently deal with the ethical aspects and dimensions of technology. It is in this sense that this essay, as indicated by the title, is analogous to that of Max Weber's (1958) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber argued that capitalism could be properly understood only if one went beyond the prevailing material (and often monocausal) interpretations of capitalism to examine and delineate the underlying cultural and attitudinal changes which he argued were a necessary part of any explanation of the rise of capitalism. His conclusion was that the attitudinal changes

On society and social change : with selections by Friedrich Engels

Abstract: This volume presents those writings of Marx that best reveal his contribution to sociology, particularly to the theory of society and social change. The editor, Neil J. Smelser, has divided these selections into three topical sections and has also included works by Friedrich Engels. The first section, "The Structure of Society," contains Marx's writings on the material basis of classes, the basis of the state, and the basis of the family. Among the writings included in this section are Marx's well-known summary from the Preface of "A Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy" and his equally famous observations on the functional significance of religion in relation to politics. The second section is titled "The Sweep of Historical Change." The first selection here contains Marx's first statement of the main precapitalist forms of production. The second selection focuses on capitalism, its contradictions, and its impending destruction. Two brief final selections treat the nature of communism, particularly its freedom from the kinds of contradictions that have plagued all earlier forms of societies. The last section, "The Mechanisms of Change," reproduces several parts of Marx's analysis of the mechanisms by which contradictions develop in capitalism and generate group conflicts. Included is an analysis of competition and its effects on the various classes, a discussion of economic crises and their effects on workers, and Marx's presentation of the historical specifics of the class struggle. In his comprehensive Introduction to the selections, Professor Smelser provides a biography of Marx, indentifies the various intellectual traditions which formed the background for Marx's writings, and discusses the selections which follow. The editor describes Marx's conception of society as a social system, the differences between functionalism and Marx's theories, and the dynamics of economic and political change as analyzed by Marx.

Amos Pinchot and Atomistic Capitalism: a Study in Reform Ideas.

Abstract: The political career of Amos Pinchot spanned from 1909 to 1942. As a self-professed reformer, Pinchot involved himself in a wide variety of causes. At the same time, a few fundamental principles dominated his commitment to reform. Throughout his long political life, Pinchot maintained a remarkably consistent ideological perspective. Pinchot began his public career as a participant in the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, and he ended it as a virulent critic of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the intervening years, he immersed himself in reform politics. Along with his older brother Gifford, he helped found the Progressive party in 1912. Two years later, the younger Pinchot left the Bull Moose fold. In 1916, he campaigned for the re-election of President Woodrow Wilson. Pinchot opposed American entry into World War I. Once the United States had intervened, however, he struggled to make the war a crusade for democracy. He argued for democratic war aims abroad and the protection of civil liberties at home. With the return of peacetime politics, Pinchot looked forward to a revival of the prewar reform movement. In 1920, as a member of the Committee of Forty Right, he played a major role in efforts to establish a new political party devoted Lo reform. When the third party coalition failed to materialize, Pinchot moved on to other projects. In 1924, he supported Senator Robert M. LaFollette for President. Later in the 1920's, he began work on a history of the Progressive party. He also stayed active as a magazine writer and newspaper columnist, in 1932, Pinchot welcomed the election of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and he later supported the early steps in the New Deal. Yet he soon came to distrust the Chief Executive. By 1935, Pinchot counted himself among the foes of the Roosevelt regime, in the closing years of his public life, he repeatedly spoke out in opposition to the President and the New Dealers. Despite the diversity of his endeavors, Pinchot maintained a fixed ideological perspective for most of his long career. In 1913, he established close ties with New Jersey insurgent George L. Record. Under Record’s tutelage, Pinchot learned to regard competitive capitalism as a reform ideology. The two men subsequently devoted themselves to the advancement of a reform program intended to equalize entrepreneurial opportunities, in 1914, an effort to impose the narrow program on the Progressive party ended in failure. After World War I, Pinchot and Record joined the committee of Forty Eight in another attempt to promote their shared ideals. After breaking with the committee late in 1920, the two men continued to fight for their political and economic beliefs. During the 1930's, Pinchot held tenaciously to his

Capitalism unlimited: public corporations in partnership with multinational corporations

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore one particular problematic area facing the public corporations in Africa as vehicles of economic development. Special reference will be made to the Tanzanian situation although I believe that much of rhe analysis in this paper a:lso applies to other African countries as well as many other ""third world"" economies.

Today's Isms: Socialism, Capitalism, Fascism, Communism

Abstract: Socialist history and theory Socialism in practice the impasse of Socialism Capitalist theory 20th-century Capitalism neoconservatism - against the welfare state background of Fascism Fascist theory and practice Spanish Fascism and Fascism today Marxist-Leninist theory Communism in the Soviet Union Chinese Communism the future of Communism.