Showing papers on "Contemporary society published in 1990"
01 May 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the "four resources" model of literacy, where coding, semantics, pragmatic and critical text work are viewed as necessary components for literacy in contemporary society.
Abstract: An introduction to the "four resources" model of literacy, where coding, semantics, pragmatic and critical text work are viewed as necessary components for literacy in contemporary society.
701 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records to understand the post-slave experience of black Americans in the American economy and the costs of post-slave segregation.
Abstract: The interrelation among race, schooling, and labor market opportunities of American blacks can help us make sense of the relatively poor economic status of blacks in contemporary society. The role of these factors in slavery and the economic consequences for blacks has received much attention, but the post-slave experience of blacks in the American economy has been less studied. To deepen our understanding of that experience, Robert A. Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records. By analyzing evidence concerning occupational discrimination, educational expenditures, taxation, and teachers' salaries, he clarifies the costs for blacks of post-slave segregation. "A concise, lucid account of the bases of racial inequality in the South between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights era. . . . Deserves the careful attention of anyone concerned with historical and contemporary race stratification."?Kathryn M. Neckerman, Contemporary Sociology "Margo has produced an excellent study, which can serve as a model for aspiring cliometricians. To describe it as 'required reading' would fail to indicate just how important, indeed indispensable, the book will be to scholars interested in racial economic differences, past or present."?Robert Higgs, Journal of Economic Literature "Margo shows that history is important in understanding present domestic problems; his study has significant implications for understanding post-1950s black economic development."?Joe M. Richardson, Journal of American History
406 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records to understand the post-slave experience of black Americans in the American economy. But the role of these factors in slavery and the economic consequences for blacks has been less studied.
Abstract: The interrelation among race, schooling, and labor market opportunities of American blacks can help us make sense of the relatively poor economic status of blacks in contemporary society. The role of these factors in slavery and the economic consequences for blacks has received much attention, but the post-slave experience of blacks in the American economy has been less studied. To deepen our understanding of that experience, Robert A. Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records. By analyzing evidence concerning occupational discrimination, educational expenditures, taxation, and teachers' salaries, he clarifies the costs for blacks of post-slave segregation. "A concise, lucid account of the bases of racial inequality in the South between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights era. . . . Deserves the careful attention of anyone concerned with historical and contemporary race stratification."—Kathryn M. Neckerman, Contemporary Sociology "Margo has produced an excellent study, which can serve as a model for aspiring cliometricians. To describe it as 'required reading' would fail to indicate just how important, indeed indispensable, the book will be to scholars interested in racial economic differences, past or present."—Robert Higgs, Journal of Economic Literature "Margo shows that history is important in understanding present domestic problems; his study has significant implications for understanding post-1950s black economic development."—Joe M. Richardson, Journal of American History
93 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined contemporary Americans' collective conceptions of childhood and children by focusing attention on the young's participation in public life and found that the distinction between childhood and adulthood is eroding in contemporary American society.
Abstract: This article examines contemporary Americans' collective conceptions of childhood and children by focusing attention on the young's participation in public life. Children's behavior and treatment in public places were observed and recorded in fieldnotes over a two year period. These observations, related findings from previously published studies, contemporary urban legends, newspaper stories and advice columns are analyzed in light of the history of childhood in Western societies. That analysis indicates that the young's access to public places in contemporary American society is quite limited and that they are commonly treated as less than complete persons. At least in public places, there is little evidence that the distinction between childhood and adulthood is eroding in contemporary American society, as many have claimed.
89 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that the critical theory developed by the so-called Frankfurt School provides both a model for radical social theory and important perspectives on contemporary society and provide some historical background on the origins of critical theory and then explicate the method and project through a close reading of key methodological texts by Horkheimer.
Abstract: In this article I argue that the critical theory developed by the so-called Frankfurt School provides both a model for radical social theory and important perspectives on contemporary society I provide some historical background on the origins of critical theory and then explicate the method and project through a close reading of key methodological texts by Horkheimer I then examine the substantive contributions to contemporary social theory in the critical theory tradition and argue that they constituted the cutting edge of radical social theory from the 1940s through the 1960s Yet critical theory failed to develop as social theory thereafter, focusing instead on philosophy and cultural critique It has been postmodern theory which has attempted to articulate the current trends and new social conditions in contemporary society Consequently, if critical theory is to once again become the avant-garde of social theory, it must be reconstructed in the present age in the light of the postmodern critique a
85 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The Dictionary of Popular Culture (DPC) as discussed by the authors contains more than 5000 terms and 15,000 definitions of slang words from the last 30 years, illustrating today's cultural and social preoccupations.
Abstract: Containing more than 5000 terms and 15,000 definitions, this book provides a guide to the use of slang today. It deals with drugs, sport and contemporary society, as well as favourite slang topics, such as sex and bodily functions. There are expressions from Britain, Australia, America, the Caribbean and other English-speaking countries. Revised and expanded, the book concentrates on the slang of the last 30 years, illustrating today's cultural and social preoccupations. Tony Thorne is the author of "The Dictionary of Popular Culture" and "Countess Dracula".
48 citations
TL;DR: The understandings of classical science are now increasingly under threat from twentieth century physics as mentioned in this paper, and the machine model of organization, informed by classical science, is therefore in need of review.
Abstract: The understandings of classical science are now increasingly under threat from twentieth century physics. The machine model of organization, informed by classical science, is therefore in need of review. Analytical psychology is used as a framework for re-assessing and providing new insights into the nature and management of organizations in contemporary society.
38 citations
TL;DR: Baudrillard was relatively unknown to sociologists in the United States outside a small circle of persons interested in contemporary European cultural criticism as mentioned in this paper and the mention of his name was unlikely to produce a response.
Abstract: Until a few years ago, the work of the French social philosopher Jean Baudrillard was relatively unknown to social scientists in the United States outside a small circle of persons interested in contemporary European cultural criticism. Among American sociologists in particular-apart from those whose first inclination was to view anything emerging from the current intellectual climate in France with some suspicion-the mention of his name was unlikely to produce a response. Today, recent translations into English of a selection of Baudrillard's key texts and interviews are changing this situation somewhat. In 1988 (Baudrillard 1988a), an important compilation of selected writings edited by Mark Poster appeared. And the publication by a major press of his book America (1988b)-a diary of critical reflections on his travels in the United States which has a surrealistic resemblance to the work of de Toqueville a century and a half ago-will certainly gain him a wider audience, although its general reception by mainstream sociologists in this country will not, I think, be sympathetic. Nor will Baudrillard's only self-proclaimed sociological work, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities (1983b), which he cites elsewhere as his effort to put an "end to the social, or at least the concept of the social," win him much favor among true believers (cf. Baudrillard 1987, p. 84). The latter will probably dismiss such remarks out of hand. This, however, would be unfortunate for beyond being merely provocative many of Baudrillard's views on contemporary society, culture and social theory are both original and incisive. As a whole they offer an alternative vision of modern life that demands a closer reading. Baudrillard's relative obscurity among social scientists has, on the other hand, been offset by his rapidly growing popularity in dissident, if typically apolitical, circles in America and abroad. There is more than a touch of irony in this development. For one who is deeply disaffected by the commodification of images in the modern mass media, Baudrillard has himself become something of a fashionable commodity these days. He has served as an editor and contributor to ArtForum, perhaps the most visible, if antiseptic, American periodical that has emerged to document the modern art scene. His ideas appear regularly both in the underground press and in academic journals devoted to cultural politics. And when he appeared some months ago in the pages of Rolling Stone one could truly say that Baudrillard had arrived in America. My purpose here is not to examine the irony of Baudrillard's appeal to the "radical chic" element of American society, except, however, to note that his status as a cultural phenomenon of perhaps passing interest now threatens to overshadow his more lasting contribution to the critique of contemporary social theory. Admittedly this prospect does not appear to concern Baudrillard who, rather than trying to rescue himself from such a fate, self-consciously practices what he and fellow traveler Paul Virilio refer to as an "art of disappearance,"-of creating a "theoretical void" for others to fall into while he himself is "forgotten" (cf. Virilio 1980; Virilio 1983, p. 84; Baudrillard 1987, pp. 128-129). Baudrillard never asks that we take him or his ideas seriously, and in public appearances he seems rather bemused about all the attention he receives.'
31 citations
30 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Szasz attacks the sacred cows of contemporary American society as discussed by the authors, railing against the hypocrisy and fraudulence of the futile and murderous war against drugs, the sordid and often self-seeking practices of psychotherapy and the atrocities of psychiatry.
Abstract: Szasz attacks the sacred cows of contemporary American society. In his acerbic and aphoristic style he rails against the hypocrisy and fraudulence of the futile and murderous war against drugs, the sordid and often self-seeking practices of psychotherapy and the atrocities of psychiatry.
26 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates the transformation of a social norm, familism, in Korea during her transition from peasant society to industrial society and argues that, although there are some ideological elements, such as Confucianism and nationalism, social actions of Korean people in both traditional and contemporary society have been strongly motivated by their economic and political interests.
Abstract: Theoretically, this paper deals with two problems: firstly, how we can understand the relationship between the macro social structure and micro individual social action, and secondly, if the modernisation theorists failed to explain the process of modernisation, how we can grasp the radical social change which has occurred in Third World countries in recent decades. With this general theoretical orientation, this paper investigates the transformation of a social norm, familism, in Korea during her transition from peasant society to industrial society. This paper argues that, although there are some ideological elements, such as Confucianism and nationalism, social actions of Korean people in both traditional and contemporary society have been strongly motivated by their economic and political interests. This tendency is especially prominent among urban middle- and upper-class people in modern Korean society, who were beneficiaries of economic growth since the 1960s. Under the distorted structural conditio...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give guidance and perspective on the treatment of values and ethics in the biology classroom in a non-directive, non-authoritarian way, in a way similar to our approach.
Abstract: THE rapidity of expansion in scientific and technical knowledge is nothing less than phenomenal. Pulsars and quasars, silicon chips and computer-assisted design and manufacture, Krypton and sevrin, PCBs and polyesters-these terms have become part of common speech in much of the world and in but a few years. There are equally exciting biological discoveries which have profound consequences on society. The application of these developments entails values and choices, and those in biology deserve exposure in the biology classroom. Developments in science and their application do not exist in a vacuum, rather they are part of the very fabric of contemporary society. They affect human lives and impact human culture. Teachers can play a critical role in helping society to understand the force of science and its application. They are one of the most powerful forces for acculturation (Kormondy 1976). This socialization function has, however, been largely neglected by science teachers. Many teachers flounder as they move from the security of the known and teachable to the uncertainty of guiding discussion and clarification of values as they assist students in making ethical choices. The purpose of this article is to give guidance and perspective on the treatment of values and ethics in the biology classroom in a non-directive, non-authoritarian way. Exposure to and clarification of ethical issues involved in advances in biological knowledge and their application do have a proper place and are as integral a dimension of the subject matter of biology as is mitosis or the ommatidum of a fruit fly. A conscientious biology teacher really cannot avoid the fact that values are involved in much of contemporary biology.
TL;DR: In this article, Carland, Jones, and Kolodny explored a more extended use of this concept, using later contributions in theory and research, in terms of its implications for member-member, member-worker, and member- group relations, as well as for intergroup relations.
Abstract: In their seminal article on Croup Development, Carland, Jones, and Kolodny (1965) refer to the use-by-group members of different "frames of reference" at different stages of the development of a group. This paper explores a more extended use of this concept, using later contributions in theory and research, in terms of its implications for member-member, member-worker, and member- group relations, as well as for intergroup relations. In particular, it is proposed that social work groups, like other types of groups, can be expected to be "social microcosms" in that prevailing structures and dilemmas in the arena of social relations will be reflected. Relationships within the group can be seen to be imbedded in the "current social, intergroup and interpersonal crises." Social, political, ideological, and cultural processes in contemporary society enter into concrete forms of human relationships in all their manifestations, and in substantial ways are mediated through the frames of reference carried with the...
Book•
01 Jan 1990
Abstract: Part 1 Contemporary schooling - historical context: the school in contemporary society, Evelina Oreteza y Miranda and Joyce Bellous the evolving school - a Canadian historical perspective, J. Donald Wilson the evolving school - an American historical perspective, R. L. Schnell. Part 2 The school and its tasks: toward the intrinsic good - happiness, rationality and schooling, Romulo F. Magsino and John C. Long schooling and the instrumentally valuable, Harold Entwistle, autonomy and education, Evelina Orteza y Miranda. Part 3 Fulfilling school tasks through the curriculum: the concept of the curriculum, LeRoi B. Daniels and Jerrold R. Coombs the formal curriculum and knowledge, J. Douglas Stewart the hidden curriculum, Ishmael J. Baksh. Part 4 Fulfilling school tasks through teaching and learning: teaching nature - norm and numbers, William Hare the concept of learning, Paul O'Leary instructional psychology and teaching, Philip H. Winne and John Walsh the role of the practicum and the preparation of teachers, Norma I. Mickleson professionalization and foundational studies in teacher education, Romulo F. Magsino. Part 5 The classroom locus of encounter between individual and society: psychological and educational perspectives on the development and reduction of prejudice among children and adolescents, Daniel McDougall the culture of the school, Wilfred B. W. Martin. Part 6 The intersection between school and society: the powers of society and the promises of education, Samuel Mitchell the unfinished system of education, Samuel Mitchell. Part 7 Teachers and the teaching profession: the authority of teachers - a sociological perspective, Rodney A. Clifton and Lance W. Roberts rights and obligations of teachers, Douglas Ray.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of the state of leisure studies with regard to its epistemological relationships with leisure sciences, and raise fundamental questions about the direction contemporary societies are taking, and try to show how leisure studies could contribute to a better knowledge of what they involve.
Abstract: The authors present a discussion of the state of leisure studies with regard to its epistemological relationships with leisure sciences. The absence of historical context, the poorness of disciplinary perspectives, extreme empiricism and a Utopian vision of the future have adversely affected leisure studies over the past few decades. The meaning of the term “leisure”, and the very nature and full significance of leisure sciences should lead researchers not to a definitive conquest of a new world of knowledge, but to a re-examination of society. This means raising fundamental questions about the direction contemporary societies are taking, and trying to show how leisure studies could contribute to a better knowledge of what they involve.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In contemporary society, research methods provide us with the principles and techniques to generate knowledge as mentioned in this paper, and social science research allows us to go beyond our own experiences and gain insight into those different from ourselves as well as the factors that shape beliefs and behavior.
Abstract: Since the times of our earliest ancestors, people have tried to understand the world in which they live. While we no longer seek explanations from gods, as did our Athenian relatives, or metaphysics, as did our alchemist forefathers, our curiosity about and desire to gain mastery over our world remains strong. In contemporary society, research methods provide us with the principles and techniques to generate knowledge. Social science research allows us to go beyond our own experiences and gain insight into those different from ourselves as well as the factors that shape beliefs and behavior.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records to understand the post-slave experience of black Americans in the American economy and the costs of post-slave segregation.
Abstract: The interrelation among race, schooling, and labor market opportunities of American blacks can help us make sense of the relatively poor economic status of blacks in contemporary society. The role of these factors in slavery and the economic consequences for blacks has received much attention, but the post-slave experience of blacks in the American economy has been less studied. To deepen our understanding of that experience, Robert A. Margo mines a wealth of newly available census data and school district records. By analyzing evidence concerning occupational discrimination, educational expenditures, taxation, and teachers' salaries, he clarifies the costs for blacks of post-slave segregation. "A concise, lucid account of the bases of racial inequality in the South between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights era. . . . Deserves the careful attention of anyone concerned with historical and contemporary race stratification."?Kathryn M. Neckerman, Contemporary Sociology "Margo has produced an excellent study, which can serve as a model for aspiring cliometricians. To describe it as 'required reading' would fail to indicate just how important, indeed indispensable, the book will be to scholars interested in racial economic differences, past or present."?Robert Higgs, Journal of Economic Literature "Margo shows that history is important in understanding present domestic problems; his study has significant implications for understanding post-1950s black economic development."?Joe M. Richardson, Journal of American History
TL;DR: Cooperation is a fundamental feature of our social, moral, political, and religious lives as discussed by the authors, and moral and political philosophers argue that cooperation is determinative of the nature of morality and political obligation.
Abstract: Cooperation is a fundamental feature of our social, moral, political, and religious lives. Moral and political philosophers argue that cooperation is determinative of the nature of morality and political obligation. Religious thinkers examine the cooperative element in contemporary society and the impact on our lives of its erosion and decline. Some theologians and interpreters reflect on the cooperative nature of the divine-human covenant articulated in the Biblical text, while others wonder about the relation between covenant and contract. All such
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The implications of the dual role of women in contemporary society, as a wage-eamer and as a housekeeper, are studied.
Abstract: Resumen en: The implications of the dual role of women in contemporary society, as a wage-eamer and as a housekeeper, are studied. Two groups of women, 150 each, m...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the changes and significant developments since China's so-called Cultural Revolution (1966-76), examining the changes that have occurred, they may be able to learn about the future for education in China.
Abstract: Attending to the effects of developmental delay is one of the most important problems for medicine and education in contemporary society. The degree to which attention is paid to developmental delay reflects a nation's level of civilisation. Until several years ago, research on developmental delay was minimal in China. Yet, there have been dramatic changes and significant developments since China's so-called "Cultural Revolution" (1966-76). By examining the changes that have occurred, we may be able to learn about the future for education (and specifically special education) in China.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The content of education and the forms in which it provided is both reactive, in terms of its enablement of those being educated to take their places in contemporary society, and proactive, to help shape the future of that society as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Education, in all its manifest forms, is an inextricable element in the mainstream of social concerns and development. Not only are education systems the major form of preparation of individuals to take part in society and, therefore, need to be a reflection of social concerns and developments, but the kinds of preparation the individuals receive are also major contributors to the future development and well-being of those societies. To a large extent, the content of education in any given society is an expression of the values which the society cherishes and is a conceptualisation of the kind of society which is hoped will be achieved. In this sense, the content of education and the forms in which it provided is both reactive, in terms of its enablement of those being educated to take their places in contemporary society, and proactive, in terms of preparing individuals to help shape the future of that society. Education, in both its content and its form, is essentially laden with a wide variety of social values.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Assessments of the state of pediatrics have been frequent but few have analyzed the roles of pediatricians as they have changed or recognized the growing behavior of Pediatrics in contemporary society as major reformers of child health practices.
Abstract: Assessments of the state of pediatrics have been frequent in recent years.1–3 Most commentators see the discipline forced into new directions by its past successes, new problems, and societal demands, and are concerned by the immediate problems of the future. Few have analyzed the roles of pediatricians as they have changed or have recognized the growing behavior of pediatricians in contemporary society as major reformers of child health practices.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Coleridge's earliest political writings developed out of a series of lectures given in Bristol in 1795 as discussed by the authors, which were intended to provide a source of funds for the revised pantisocratic scheme, and many of the arguments advanced in them were closely connected to that scheme.
Abstract: Coleridge’s earliest political writings developed out of a series of lectures given in Bristol in 1795. These lectures were intended to provide a source of funds for the revised pantisocratic scheme, and many of the arguments advanced in them were closely connected to that scheme. Others were tailored more closely to English circumstances than to the special conditions that emigration would make possible, but the concern with liberty and equality that lay behind the pantisocratic proposal had a marked impact on Coleridge’s view of the need for reform in contemporary society. In the extracts printed below, Coleridge is sharply critical of the political and religious establishments, condemns the war against France, and is favourably, although not uncritically, disposed towards recent political developments in that country. The three major themes that emerge from these writings are the need for reformers to act on the basis of fixed principles; the importance of enlightening those who are to be liberated; and the necessity for disinterested reformers to take a leading role in the process of enlightenment. Coleridge advances these claims in the context of analyses of the corruption and injustice which mark the structures and practices of politics and religion.