Showing papers on "Database transaction published in 1978"

Stress-Related Transactions between Person and Environment

Abstract: Because stress implies a particular kind of commerce between a person (or animal) and environment, it provides an ideal vehicle for addressing the subject matter of this book on internal and external determinants of behavior. We believe this issue is expressed especially well by differentiating between two metatheoretical concepts, transaction and interaction. We have been drawn inexorably toward an emphasis on transaction by the very nature of stress phenomena and the evolving theoretical perspective within which we have worked.

Efficient monitoring of database assertions

Abstract: A principal impediment to the use of declarative assertions for monitoring the state of a dynamic database is the high cost of conventional implementation techniques for such a facility. This paper presents a means of efficiently detecting violations of assertions caused by updates to a database. Our technique is based on the premise that the structure of updates to a database can generally be anticipated, and that an analysis of the potential effect that an update may have on an assertion can enable the assertion to be efficiently tested when the update is performed.This analysis is performed by a compile-time assertion processor; for each type of update operation defined on the database, the assertion processor synthesizes a procedure that will be used to evaluate a set of given assertions whenever an operation of the given type is performed on the database. For each assertion and operation, the assertion processor performs a detailed logical analysis, called perturbation analysis, of the effect that the operation may have on the assertion. Perturbation analysis identifies conditions that can be efficiently tested at run-time (when an operation of the given type is performed) and that minimize the extent to which the assertion must be fully reevaluated; the identified conditions also enable the assertion to be tested before the update is actually performed, thereby avoiding the need for expensive back-out procedures in the case that the assertion is found to be violated. Based on this analysis, the assertion processor generates a set of alternative efficient means of determining whether or not execution of the operation causes the assertion to be violated. A database transaction processor, which estimates the performance cost of each of the alternatives in the context of the physical representation and access methods of the database, can then be used to identify the least expensive means of testing the assertion.This work has been done in the particular context of semantic integrity assertions, but it readily extends to related problems of database monitoring. The efficiency of testing that can be achieved through the use of our assertion processing technique in comparable with that attainable through the use of hand-coded procedures. The technique therefore supports all the advantages of the declarative approach to database assertion-monitoring, while retaining the level of efficiency that is usually associated with procedural methods.

Banking apparatus and method

Abstract: Banking apparatus comprising a plurality of transaction devices having at least one common operative device, means for presetting a pattern of transactions representing a combination of transactions processable according to a status of the transaction devices, means connected with the means for presetting the pattern of transactions for generating a first predetermined signal pattern, means for entering a customer selected transaction into the apparatus, means connected with the means for entering for generating a second predetermined signal, means for checking for the presence or absence of a predetermined relation between the first and second predetermined signal patterns and for judging whether a customer selected transaction is available and means for executing a customer selected transaction which has been judged to be available by the judging means.

Social Responsibility as Interorganizational Transaction

Abstract: Social responsibility should be studied at two levels: an idealistic assessment of corporate intentions, actions, and impacts, and a relativistic examination of how society influences corporate practice. An approach to the latter, based on relationships between firms and social interest organizations, is discussed.

Performance study of a database machine in supporting relational databases

Abstract: Database machines are special-purpose devices that are expected to perform the common data management operations efficiently. In this paper, we attempt to show how a relational database can be supported on a specific database machine, known as the database computer (DBC), with good performance. The DBC employs modified moving-head disks for database storage. To achieve high-volumed accessing, the read-out mechanisms of the moving-head disks are made into tracks-in-parallel. To provide content-addressable search, the disk controller is incorporated with a set of microprocessors, corresponding to the tracks of a cylinder. In this way, not only can an entire cylinder of data be accessed in one disk revolution, but relevant data which satisfies,the user request can also be found and output in the same revolution. To minimize the number of cylinders involved in a database access, some structural information about the database is maintained in a blockoriented content-addressable memory made of charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Furthermore, clustering and security mechanisms are a part of the hardware features provided by the DBC. With cylinder-oriented content-addressable database store, block-oriented content-addressable structure memory and several functionally specialized components, the DBC can achieve one or two orders of magnitude of performance improvement over the conventional computer in database management. Also, a possible twofold increase in database storage requirement as compared to a conventional implementation is adequately offset by one or more orders of magnitude reduction in storage for structural information. The purpose of this paper is to analyze these performance issues. By using the DBC for supporting relational databases, the size of the relational software is considerably reduced. Specifically, the query optimizer of conventional systems is now rendered unnecessary. In comparison with a conventional implementation of a relational system, the DBC has been found to contribute larger performance gains. These gains are tabulated in the paper. All these tend to demonstrate that the DBC in particular and database machines in general can indeed contribute to an appreciable improvement in database management.

Design of a distributed Entity-Relationship database system

Abstract: A distributed database management system for a loosely coupled network of minicomputers is described. The system adopts the Entity-Relationship data model due to its semantic richness and its potential for maintaining a disciplined database structure. The following features of the system are presented: data distribution, query language and locking mechanism. Data distribution will be by clusters. Each cluster is based on an Entity-Relationship schema, is complete in semantics and must be stored wholly at a single computer site. The query language of the system is designed specially for the Entity-Relationship model. The language is very convenient in data retrieval. The locking mechanism incorporated into this system allows concurrent access of many readers and one writer. At the same time, it insures maintenance of the strongest form of consistency.

Cash automatic transaction system

Abstract: PURPOSE: To smooth the automatic transaction at an on-line fault time by preparing the first and the second transaction sequence programs for the stop time of on-line communication to a central data processing unit and the fault time of a terminal control unit. CONSTITUTION: When a fault occurs in central data processing unit 10 or communication systems 12W14, a prescribed sequence program and a prescribed program are designated from program memory 34 of automatic transaction unit 30 and program memory 22a of terminal control unit 20 respectively to execute the data processing for storing transaction data sent from automatic transaction unit 30 onto magnetic file 28 for the purpose of switching a mode to the first off-line mode. When terminal control unit 20 becomes faulty, automatic transaction unit 30 is switched to the second off-line mode, and the second transaction sequence program is designated from program memory 34, nd transaction data enters into recording generation part 36c. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Automatic transaction equipment

Abstract: PURPOSE:To shorten the transaction time as well as to enhance the operational efficiency for the user, by discontinuing the transaction in case the non-registered line number which is left behind in CPU device as the bankbook's non-registered amount is larger than the blank line number when the bankbook non-registered print transaction is carried out

Automatic monetary transaction equipment for bank - has basic module with user operation unit and card processor transaction recorder and cash delivery unit

Abstract: The versatile automatic transaction equipment comprises: a basic module including a user operation unit, an ID card processing unit, a transaction recording unit, and a cash delivery unit for cash payment transaction or verification of customer account balance. A deposit-receiving sub-module includes a unit for identifying the type or class and authenticity of bill or bills inserted into the equipment for a deposit by a user and for counting the amount of money received as a deposit, and a bill transport unit is for separately transporting the bills in two routes of rejection and receipt in accordance with the result of identification.

Automatic transaction apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To radpidly process the faults of apparatus unattendedly by causing the displaying of the fault and stopping of part of automatic businesses to be eggected by a CPUT, etc. Through receiving of a transmission closing instruction signal detected in the event of trouble in component apparatus.

Monitor device for transaction unit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To achieve a monitor device, in order to increase the maintenance performance, which can display minutely and accurately the operation progress state of a transaction unit along with the abnormal state together also can have an easy display at a remote place.

Transaction apparatus for currency

Abstract: PURPOSE:To perform banking service, etc., equal to manned service, by automatically processing through discrimination of existence of caution indicating information in read out transaction record.

Transaction network, telephones, and terminals: Transaction stations

Abstract: The Transaction station family includes the Transaction I and II telephones and the Transaction III terminal. This paper describes these sets. They are designed to provide access to data base systems via the switched network or, for Transaction III, the dedicated Transaction Network. The items discussed are overall telephone/terminal operation, hardware and software design, and data center interaction and protocol.

Contribution to the theory of concurrency in databases

Abstract: A database can be seen as a set of entities which satisfy certain assertions called integrity constraints. A database is simultaneously accessed by numerous transactions. Each transaction is composed of a sequence of atomic actions and performs a set of operations. In order to guarantee the good execution of all the operations and the integrity of the database, it is necessary to limit the simultaneous execution of transactions.

An architecture for evolutionary database system design

Abstract: We outline herein an approach to evolutionary database systems design and evolutionary database design which is intended to lower the total costs of maintaining, developing and executing application programs against a database. The premise is that it should be possible to have an evolutionary database system which executes efficiently while providing explicit support for changes in application usage. The key concepts are: hierarchical layering of a database specification, inclusion of static/dynamic characteristics in specification of the database, and a hybrid compile/interpret system for the execution phase of the data management system itself.

Transaction network, telephones, and terminals: Overview

Abstract: Short inquiry and response messages, called transactions, are becoming increasingly important in the conduct of business affairs. These messages are moved electronically through data communications networks. To meet the need, a family of Transaction telephones, terminals, and associated networks, adjuncts, and arrangements has been developed.

Transaction network, telephones, and terminals: Physical design

Abstract: Physical designs of Transaction I and II telephones and Transaction III terminal are described and illustrated. All three sets feature new card reader designs and a click-disk switch design. These designs are described in detail. Use of these designs in Transaction sets has helped to meet performance, reliability, and cost objectives.

Bill transaction equipment

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the bill transaction equipment which is applicable both to the momey-reception transation by only a bank-book and to the momey-payment transaction by only an information card which can perform the automatic moneyreception-payment transaction eliminating the trouble on the transaction concerning in the Stamp Act.

Currency transaction apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify operation and perform plural transactions by automatically determining the line spacing of the inserted page even if a pass book of different line-to-line spacings of printing lines according to pages is used, printing the transaction recording without any error and automatically determining the transaction items by the pass book being received.

22 – transaction costs, risk aversion, and the choice of contractual arrangements*

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses transaction costs, risk aversion, and the choice of contractual arrangements. Every transaction involves a contract, and the transactions conducted in the marketplace entail outright or partial transfers of property rights among individual contracting parties. The contractual arrangements through which these transfers are negotiated are several and varied. The chapter presents a theory that states that economic efficiency is the same under various land tenure arrangements subject to the constraint of private property rights. Although transaction costs exist in the real world, the theory enables the understanding of much of the farming behavior. However, the presence of a variety of contractual arrangements under the same constraint of competition poses the question of the choice of these arrangements. If a firm can increase efficiency in production by employing productive resources of more than one resource owner, a contract to combine the resources will be obtained. The formation of the contract involves partial transfers of property rights in one form or another, such as leasing, hiring, or mortgaging.

Currency transaction device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To secure an assured detection for the factor due to disagreement of the transaction collation by taking the using medium into the transaction device and then recording by printing the information of the medium onto the control recording paper based on the transaction-based record CONSTITUTION:Medium detecting mechanism part 107 detects all transaction media used for the transaction device, and the information obtained through part 107 is recorded by printing on recording paper J via printer 102 for the part or whole of the information contents simultaneously with reception of the medium Then the information contents is printed for record on the same paper J based on the normal transaction-based record Thus, the factor due to disagreement of the transaction collation can be known assuredly

Current money transaction apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the mischief and to offer convenience to user at the current money transactions apparatus, by enabling the selection of transactions items, only on occasion of requested presentation of transactions medium is correct and also, showing necessary guidance display

The Nature of Payments and Institutions

Abstract: In any society, there is a wide range of payments and a wide range of payers and payees. The transactions undertaken by individual economic units are responses to economic stimuli and have economic effects. All transactions have effects on a society’s asset/liability structure, even if it is only the transfer of money from one consumer (such as, a high-income professional) to another consumer (such as a low-income servant). In most cases, the effects of transactions on asset/liability structures are complex. Most final transactions are between producers (non-financial companies or self-employed individuals) and consumers (households), or between the government and these sectors, or between residents and non-residents. These transactions lead to immediate changes in individual balance sheets (for example, a producer — consumer transaction involves substitution between money and physical goods owned by the producer and consumer partners). These original changes in balance-sheet structures will usually encourage compensating changes in the direction of reconstructing previously prevailing structures. Many transactions have more complex effects. When assets are traded, not only will their ownership change, but the balance sheets of the traders will be altered, and, in many cases, these shifts will involve the incurment or extinction of liabilities. Such changes may be expected to have pervasive effects on the structure of interunit relations with repercussions on the demand for and supply of current economic resources.

Some Problems of the Transfer of Technology from the Developed Countries to the LDCs

Abstract: This paper attempts to identify the factors which are directly related to the effective transfer of technology from developed countries to LDCs. The recipient countries should have the capability of alteration/adaptation based on cost-minimization criteria. Some problems are such that technologies are transferred on the conditions of MNFs, packaged forms and under state management which result in lack of competitive pressure. Non-technological criteria are shown to be a problem under state management in the transaction of technology.

Transaction network, telephones, and terminals: Transaction network operational programs

Abstract: The Transaction Network Operational Programs provide the logic for switching data messages between terminals and Customer Service Centers. These programs also perform administrative and maintenance tasks. This paper describes program organization and various software functions.