Showing papers on "Democracy published in 1990"

Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy

Abstract: One important object of interpublic contestation is the appropriate boundaries of the public sphere. The civic republican model stresses a view of politics as people reasoning together to promote a common good that transcends the mere sum of individual preferences. The idea is that through deliberation the members of the public can come to discover or create such a common good. In the process of their deliberations, participants are transformed from a collection of self-seeking, private individuals into a public-spirited collectivity, capable of acting together in the common interest. The rhetoric of domestic privacy seeks to exclude some issues and interests from public debate by personalizing and/or familiarizing them; it casts these as private-domestic or personal-familial matters in contradistinction to public, political matters. The public sphere, in short, is not the state; it is rather the informally mobilized body of nongovernmental discursive opinion that can serve as a counterweight to the state.

Democracy and Its Critics

Abstract: Part 1 The sources of modern democracy: the first transformation - to the democratic city-state toward the second transformation - republicanism, representation, and the logic of equality. Part 2 Adversarial critics: anarchism guardianship a critique of guardianship. Part 3 A theory of the democratic process: justifications - the idea of equal intrinsic worth personal autonomy a theory of the democratic process the problem of inclusion. Part 4 Problems in the democratic process: majority rule and the democratic process majority rule - practise process and substance process versus process when is a people entitled to the democratic process? Part 5 The limits and possibilities of democracy: the second democratic transformation - from the city-state to the nation-state democracy, polyarchy, and participation how polyarchy developed in some countries and not others is minority domination inevitable? pluralism, polyarchy and the common good common good as process and substance. Part 6 Toward a third transformation: democracy in tomorrow's world sketches for an advanced democratic country.

Governing economic life

Abstract: This paper proposes some new ways of analysing the exercise of political power in advanced liberal democratic societies These are developed from Michel Foucault's conception of ‘governmentality’ and addresses political power in terms of ‘political rationalities’ and ‘technologies of government’ It draws attention to the diversity of regulatory mechanisms which seek to give effect to government, and to the particular importance of indirect mechanisms that link the conduct of individuals and organizations to political objectives through ‘action at a distance’ The paper argues for the importance of an analysis of language in understanding the constitution of the objects of politics, not simply in terms of meaning or rhetoric, but as ‘intellectual technologies’ that render aspects of existence amenable to inscription and calculation It suggests that governmentality has a characteristically ‘programmatic’ form, and that it is inextricably bound to the invention and evaluation of technologies that seek to g

New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time

Abstract: New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time continues the innovative exploration of major issues concerning democracy and socialism which was staked out in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Examining the meanings of social struggle in the context of late capitalism, Laclau situates the re-making of political identities within a framework of democratic revolution. The critical method is one which describes major structural changes in the contemporary world-system at the same time as it theorizes a coherent and radical interpretative form. This marriage of politics and theory allows the book to embrace topics ranging from the relationship between Marxism and psychoanalysis to the historical significance of May 1968 and forms of political struggle in the third world. In a final section of illuminating interviews the author expounds his most recent thought on politics and philosophy.

Democracy and Its Critics

Abstract: The course is focused on historical texts, most of them philosophical. Context for understanding the texts and the course of democratic development will be provided in lecture and discussions, and by some background readings (Dunn). We begin with the remarkable Athenian democracy, and its frequent enemy the Spartan oligarchy. In Athens legislation was passed directly by an assembly of all citizens, and executive officials were selected by lot rather than by competitive election. Athenian oligarchs such as Plato more admired Sparta, and their disdain for the democracy became the judgment of the ages, until well after the modern democratic revolutions. Marsilius of Padua in the early Middle Ages argued for popular sovereignty. The Italian citystates of the Middle Ages did without kings, and looked back to Rome and Greece for republican models. During the English Civil War republicans debated whether the few or the many should be full citizens of the regime. The English, French, and American revolutions struggled with justifying and establishing a representative democracy suitable for a large state, and relied on election rather than lot to select officials. The English established a constitutional monarchy, admired in Europe, and adapted by the Americans in their republican constitution. The American Revolution helped inspire the French, and the French inspired republican and democratic revolution throughout Europe during the 19 century.

Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science

Abstract: Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. Democratizing rationality Part II. Political Institutions: 2. Discursive designs 3. Complexity 4. Discursive dynamics 5. International discursive designs (with Susan Hunter) Part III. Public Policy: 6. Policy sciences of democracy 7. The ambitions of policy (with Brian Ripley) Part IV. Political Science: 8. The mismeasure of political man 9. The measure of political man - and woman 10. Progress and rationality Part V. Conclusion: 11. On extending democracy Notes Bibliography Index.

State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in Its Place

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements. General Introduction. Part I. On Marxist Theories of Law, the State, and their Relative Autonomy from the Capitalist Economy and Class Struggles:. 1. Recent Theories of the Capitalist State. 2. Recent Theories of Law, the State, and Juridico-Political Ideology. 3. Marxism, Economic Determinism, and Relative Autonomy. Part II. Political Representation, Social Bases, and State Forms: Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and the National Interest:. 4. Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and Social Democracy. 5. Capitalist States, Capitalist Interests, and the Rule of Capital. 6. The Democratic State and the National Interest. Part III. The Value Form, The Capitalist State, and Hegemonic Projects: From State Forms and Functions to the State as Strategy:. 7. Accumulation Strategies, State Forms, and Hegemonic Projects. 8. Poulantzas and Foucault on Power and Strategy. 9. The State as Strategy. Part IV. Putting States in their Place: Towards a Strategic-Relational Theory of Societalization:. 10. Anti-Marxist Reinstatement and Post-Marxist Deconstruction. 11. Societalization, Regulation, and Self-Reference. 12. Putting States in their Place. Selected Writings of Bob Jessop. General Bibliography. Index.

The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory

Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. The Disorder of Women: Women, Love and the Sense of Justice. 3. The Fraternal Social Contract. 4. Justifying Political Obligation. 5. Women and Consent. 6. Sublimation and Reification: Locke, Wolin and the Liberal Democratic Conception of the Political. 7. Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy. 8. The Civic Culture: A Philosophic Critique. 9. The Patriarchal Welfare State. 10. Feminism and Democracy.

To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions

Abstract: Is democracy a hot-house plant? And is it difficult to transplant it into new soil? The fall of so many dictatorships in the last few years - first in Southern Europe, then in Latin America, now in Eastern Europe - opens new, more optimistic perspectives on democratic development. The crises of dictatorships and the search for a new political order offer fertile ground for an examination of how best to effect democratic transitions. By focusing on the objective conditions that make democracy probable, sociological and historical theories of democracy often lose sight of what is possible. Here Giuseppe Di Palma instead explores those conciliatory political undertakings that political actors on all sides now engage in to make the improbable possible. His emphasis is on political crafting: in regard to constitutional choices, to alliances and convergences between contestants, to trade-offs, to the pacing of the transitions. Di Palma also examines the reasons - stalemate, the high cost of repression, a loss of goals, international constraints and inducements - that may motivate incumbents and nondemocratic political actors to accept democracy, even in those cases, as in Central America and Eastern Europe, where acceptance would seem least likely. An original and imaginative work that, in the light of recent transitions, challenges our assumptions about fledgling democracies and breaks new theoretical ground, "To Craft Democracies" will appeal to anyone interested in the way we forge our political communities today.

The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Review

Abstract: What effects does political democracy have on such development outcomes as economic growth and socioeconomic equality? Competing theoretical models have been proposed that represent each of the possibilities: democracy as facilitating development, democracy as a hindrance to development, and democracy as bearing no independent relationship to development outcomes. Each of these theoretical models is explicated and, then, the evidence from quantitative, cross-national tests of the effects is reviewed. Overall, the evidence provided by the approximately dozen studies for each outcome yields few robust conclusions with respect to the theoretical models. To guide in the evaluation of the evidence, the studies are in turn distinguished by such design characteristics as sample, period observed, measures used, and form of relationship specified. This procedure, while it does not produce definitive support for any of the models, does assist in interpreting the results of past research as well as generating fertile guidelines for future research.

Democracy and disorder : protest and politics in Italy, 1965-1975

Abstract: Part 1 Parabolas of protest: the sources of protest the repertoire of contention actors, enemies and the State claims and counterclaims. Part 2 Movements and institutions: the student movement the workers' movement the oldest new movement. Part 3 Organizers and movements: the extraparliamentary groups - diffusion, organization, competition from organization to movements - the case of Potere Operaio Toscano from movement to party - the case of Lotta Continua. Part 4 Outcomes: violence and institutionalization disorder and democracy. Appendices: protest event protocol enumeration and coding procedures.

Political Democracy: Conceptual and Measurement Traps

Abstract: The movement toward democratic political systems in many nations in the 1980s has renewed interest in measurement of political democracy. This paper calls attention to the problems that surround both the definition and measurement of political democracy. The main conceptual problems are the failure to develop an adequate theoretical definition of this concept, the confounding of the concept with others, and treating democracy as a binary rather than a continuous concept. Four problems of measurement are: invalid indicators, subjective indicators, ordinal or dichotomous measures, and the failure to test reliability or validity. The paper offers several suggestions to improve measurement as well as a warning about the danger of repeating past errors.

Minority status in an ethnic democracy: The status of the Arab minority in Israel

Abstract: It is commonly assumed that democracy in deeply divided societies takes either a majoritarian or consociational form. While the state in both types is ethnically neutral, there are some countries that combine viable democratic institutions with institutionalized ethnic dominance. The article introduces this third, so far not recognized, general type of ‘ethnic democracy’ and demonstrates its utility for Israel in treating its Arab minority. The tensions and contradictions in Israel's dual character as a Jewish democratic state give rise to five Arab demands that the Jewish majority reject: making Israel non‐Jewish and non‐Zionist, accepting Palestinian nationalism, lifting all restrictions on Arab individual rights, granting Arabs certain national collective rights and incorporating Arabs into the national power structure. Each Arab demand is discussed in detail and the rationale for Jewish objections is spelled out. The problem can be reduced, but not resolved, by establishing a separate Palesti...

Television and the crisis of democracy

Abstract: "This is one of the best books I've read on the changing relationship of television to society. It provides a very good analysis of theoretical perspectives on television and makes excellent use of critical theory. An accessible book that at the same time challenges the reader to think more deeply about the role of television in a formally democratic society. —Vincent Mosco Carleton University In this pathbreaking study, Douglas Kellner offers the most systematic, critically informed political and institutional study of television yet published in the United States. Focusing on the relationships among television, the state, and business, he traces the history of television broadcasting, emphasizing its socioeconomic impact and its growing political power. Throughout, Kellner evaluates the contradictory influence of television, a medium that has clearly served the interests of the powerful but has also dramatized conflicts within society and has on occasion led to valuable social criticism.

Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics

Abstract: Brazil has the tragic distinction of having endured the longest military-authoritarian regime in South America. Yet the country is distinctive for another reason: in the 1970s and 1980s it witnessed the emergence and development of perhaps the largest, most diverse, most radical, and most successful women's movement in contemporary Latin America. This book tells the compelling story of the rise of progressive women's movements amidst the climate of political repression and economic crisis enveloping Brazil in the 1970s, and it devotes particular attention to the gender politics of the final stages of regime transition in the 1980s.Situating Brazil in a comparative theoretical framework, the author analyzes the relationship between nonrevolutionary political change and changes in women's consciousness and mobilization. Her engaging analysis of the potentialities for promoting social justice and transforming relations of inequality for women and men in Latin America and elsewhere in the Third World makes this book essential reading for all students and teachers of Latin American politics, comparative social movements and public policy, and women's studies and feminist political theory.

Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy

Abstract: In Faces of Internationalism, Eugene R. Wittkopf examines the changing nature of public attitudes toward American foreign policy in the post-Vietnam era and the role that public opinion plays in the American foreign policymaking process. Drawing on new data-four mass and four elite opinion surveys undertaken by the Chicago Council of Foreign Relations from 1974 to 1986-combined with sophisticated analysis techniques, Wittkopf offers a pathbreaking study that addresses the central question of the relationship of a democracy to its foreign policy. The breakdown of the "consensus" approach to American foreign policy after the Cold War years has become the subject of much analysis. This study contributes to revisionist scholarship by describing the beliefs and preferences that have emerged in the wake of this breakdown. Wittkopf counters traditional views by demonstrating the persistence of U.S. public opinion defined by two dominant and distinct attitudes in the post-Vietnam war years-cooperative and militant internationalism. The author explores the nature of these two "faces" of internationalism, focusing on the extent to which elites and masses share similar opinions and the political and sociodemographic correlates of belief systems. Wittkopf also offers an original examination of the relationship between beliefs and preferences.

The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions

Abstract: The article describes the Comparative Survey of Freedom, produced from 1975 to 1989 in article form, and from 1978 to 1989 in book form as well. The survey rates annually all independent states and dependent territories. It is a loose, intuitive rating system for levels of freedom or democracy, as defined by the traditional political rights and civil liberties of the Western democracies. The checklists used for political rights and civil liberties are discussed point by point. Although open to criticism, the ratings are quite similar to those produced by other analysts from different perspectives during this time period., Unlike other studies, the survey's regular production provides a useful and consistent time series. Democracy is a moving target. Extensions of the survey in, time or levels of discrimination would force the investigator to address a variety of new and difficult problems in comparability that are not faced by the survey in its present form.

Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States

Abstract: 1. Explaining Democratic Government: Background Considerations 2. The General Theory of Party Government 3. Government Formation 4. The Distribution of Ministries 5. Party Influences on Government Policy 6. Government Termination: Causes and Effects 7. Parties Steering the State: Evaluation and Development of the Theory Appendix A: Party Factions and Cabinet Reshuffles Appendix B: Data: Sources and Preparation

Political innovation and conceptual change

Abstract: Preface Editors' introduction 1. Language and poltical change Quentin Skinner 2. Understanding conceptual change politically James Farr 3. Constitution Graham Maddox 4. Democracy Russell L. Hanson 5. The state Quentin Skinner 6. Representation Hanna Fenichel Pitkin 7. Party Terence Ball 8. Patriotism Mary G. Dietz 9. Public interest J. A. W. Gunn 10. Citizenship Michael Walzer 11. Corruption J. Peter Euben 12. Public opinion J. A. W. Gunn 13. Ideology Mark Goldie 14. Rights Richard Dagger 15. Property Alan Ryan 16. Revolution John Dunn Index.

Peasant Intellectuals: Anthropology and History in Tanzania

Abstract: Scholars who study peasant society now realize that peasants are not passive, but quite capable of acting in their own interests. Debate has continued, though, on whether coherent political ideas emerge within peasant society, or whether peasants act in a world where political issues are defined by elites. Based on ethnographic research begun in 1966 that includes interviews with hundreds of people from all levels of Tanzanian society, "Peasant Intellectuals" aims to alter the perspective from which anthropologists, historians, and political scientists study both cultural systems and rural politics. Steven Feierman gives us the history of the struggles to define the most basic issues of public political discourse in the Shambaa-speaking region of Tanzania. Over the past 150 years ruling chiefs, on the one hand, and dissenting peasants on the other have debated what it is that enables some regimes to bring life rather than death, prosperity rather than hunger, justice rather than inequity. Feierman focuses on the role of peasant intellectuals - men and women who earn their livelihood by farming and who, at crucial historical moments, have organized political movements of the greatest long-term significance. In Shambaii, peasant intellectuals have raised the issue of democracy, the role of chiefs, the meaning of slavery and freedom , and the nature of gender relations, and played a critical role in nationalist campaigns. Feierman also shows that peasant society contains a rich body of alternative sources of political language from which future debates will be shaped.

Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences With Democracy

Abstract: Chile - Emergence, Breakdown, and the Renewal of Democracy, A. Valenzuela Brazil - Inequality Against Democracy, B. Lamounier Mexico - Sustained Civilian Rule Without Democracy, D.C. Levy and K. Bruhn Turkey - Crises. Interruptions and Re-equilibrium, E. Ozbudun India - Democratic Becoming and Combined Development, J. Das Gupta Thailand - Democratic Turbulence and Evolution, C.A. Samudavanija South Korea - in Quest of Consolidation, D. Steinberg Nigeria - Pluralism, Stalinism and the Struggle for Democracy, L. Diamond Senegal - the Development and fragility of Semidemocracy, C. Coulon South Africa - The Birth of a new Democracy?, S. Friedman.

Korea Old and New: A History

Abstract: The communal societies of prehistoric times - the Paleolithic age, the society and culture in the Neolithic period walled-town states and confederated kingdoms - Bronze Age culture, Old Choson and Wiman Choson, confederated kingdoms - Puyo, Koguryo and the state of Chin, society, polity and culture in the confederated kingdoms period aristocratic societies under monarchical rule - the development of the kingdoms of Koguryo, paekche and Silla foreign relations of these three kingdoms, political and social structure and aristocratic culture of these three kingdoms the fashioning of an authoritarian monarchy - Silla unification and the founding of the Parhae kingdom, government, society and culture of Silla, society and culture of Parhae the age of powerful gentry families the hereditary aristocratic order of Koryo rule by the military - the Cho'oe and Mongols emergence of the literati - the pro-Yuan policy, founding of the Choson (Yi) dynasty the creation of a Yangban society - development of Yangban society in Choson, administrative, social and economic structure of the Yangban state, foreign policy of early Choson, Yangban bureaucratic culture the rise of the neo-Confucian literati - changes in society under rule by the meritorious elite, struggle against Japanese and Manchus economic advances and intellectual ferment dynastic disarray and national peril growth of the forces of enlightenment - the Tonghak Peasant Army, reform movement of 1894-1896 incipient nationalism and imperialist aggression - the Independence Club, Japanese aggression and the annexation of Korea the first phase of Japanese rule, 1910-1919 nationalism and social revolution, 1919-1931 forced assimilation, mobilization and war - Japanese advance in Asia, agriculture, industry and labour mobilization, the last phase of colonial rule 1941-1945 liberation, division and war, 1945-1953 - colonial legacy and the tarnsfer of power - Soviet-US rivalry and the division of the peninsula, American occupation, emergence of separate states, the Korean War 1950-1953 authoritarianism and protest, 1948-1990 - Syngman Rhee and the First Republic, the April Revolution (1960) and the Second Republic, the Park Chung Hee era, opposition, mutiny, insurrection and coup, the Fifth Republic of Chun Doo Hwan 1981-1988, the Sixth Republic and prospects for democracy economic development in historical perspective, 1945-1990 - international factors, internal social and political factors, role of culture and timing

The legal status of the Arabs in Israel

Abstract: This study examines how the Israeli legal system copes with two major issues. The first is the tension between the constitutional definition of Israel as both a Jewish state and a democracy committed to equal rights for all its citizens. The second issue is the delicate position of a national minority in a state which, since its establishment, has been involved in a bitter conflict with the Palestine nation to which that minority belongs.

The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation

Abstract: This is a survey of every aspect of Japanese life, political and economic, social and psychological, unravelling the enigma of Japan in the modern world revealing that Japan's amassed wealth has brought little benefit to the ordinary Japanese. The author shows how the docile conformity , near absence of litigation and lack of individualism - characterising Japanese society and culture - originates in political purpose. Japan has the institutions of a parliamentary democracy, yet is effectively a one-party state and the power of the Japanese prime minister is less than that of any other head of government in Asia or the West. Japan is governed to all appearances with no centre of accountable power. Karl van Wolferen has lived and worked as a foreign correspondent in Japan for some quarter of a century. Last year he won the Dutch equivalent of the Pulitzer Prize.

The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800

Abstract: This article uses POLITY II, a new dataset on the authority traits of 155 countries, to assess some general historical arguments about the dynamics of political change in Europe and Latin America from 1800 to 1986. The analysis, relying mainly on graphs, focuses first on the shifting balance between democratic and autocratic patterns in each world region and identifies some of the internal and international circumstances underlying the trends, and deviations from them. Trends in three indicators of state power also are examined in the two regions: the state's capacity to direct social and economic life, the coherence of political institutions, and military manpower. The state's capacity has increased steadily in both regions; coherence has increased in the European countries but not Latin America; while military power has fluctuated widley in both regions. The article is foundational to a series of more detailed longitudinal studies of the processes of state growth.