Showing papers on "Emancipation published in 1990"

The white woman's burden: British feminists and the Indian woman, 1865–1915

Abstract: Historians of empire and of women have paid scant attention to the fact that British feminism matured during an age of empire, and that British feminists participated in the assumptions of national and racial superiority implicit in their culture. The purpose of this essay is to explore the ways in which modern British feminism was influenced by coming of age during this period of Britain's imperial rule. Josephine Butler's campaign on behalf of Indian women is one example of imperial feminism in action. A review of feminist periodical literature reveals that British feminists constructed the image of a helpless Indian womanhood on whom their own emancipation in the imperial nation state ultimately relied. Thus, in both practice and theory, the Indian woman served as a foil against which British feminists could gauge their own progress. In their quest for liberation and empowerment, Victorian and Edwardian feminists collaborated in the ideological work of empire, reproducing the moral discourse of imperialism and embedding feminist ideology within it.

'Us Colored Women Had To Go Though a Plenty": Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women

Abstract: Southern slaves were "the happiest, and, in some sense the freest people in the world," wrote George Fitzhugh, Virginia proslavery defender. He claimed bondwomen did "little hard work" and were "protected from the despotism of their husbands by their masters." In her famous diary, Mary Chesnut noted that the female slaves "take life easily. Marrying is the amusement of their life." Many antebellum southerners thought the female slaves were sensuous and promiscuous and cited the "easy chastity" of the bondwomen. Since associations were made between promiscuity and reproduction, the desired increase of the slave population seemed to be evidence of the bondwoman's passion. A slaveowner in northern Mississippi told Fredrick Law Olmsted that slaves "breed faster than white folks, a 'mazin' sight, you know; they begin younger," and, he added, "they don't very often wait to be married."1 Bondwomen's perception of the slave experience is in marked contrast to the slaveowners'. In her remarkable autobiography, Linda Brent, a mulatto female slave, noted, "Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women. Superadded to the burden common to all, they have wrongs, and sufferings, and mortifications peculiarly their own."2 Female bondage was worse than male bondage because the female slave was both a woman and a slave in a patriarchial regime where males and females were unequal, whether white or black. Because they were slaves, African-American women were affected by the rule of the patriarch in more ways and to a greater degree than the white women in the Big House. The size of the food allotment, brutal whippings, slave sales, and numerous other variables influenced the bondwoman's view of the patriarchy. Yet because she was a woman, her view, like that of the white woman, was also gender related. According to Anne Firor Scott, the most widespread source of discontent among white women centered around their inability "to control their own fertility."3 On the other hand, the bondwoman's entire sex life was subject to the desires of her owner. This essay will, therefore, deal only with the bondwomen's perspective from the viewpoint of gender, using twentieth-century interviews with female ex-slaves who were at least twelve or thirteen years of age at the time of emancipation. Of the 514 women in this category, 205, or almost forty percent, made comments of this nature. Undoubtedly, the reluctance of ex-bondwomen to discuss such private matters, especially with white

Negotiated spaces and contested terrain: men, women, and the law in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890–1939

Abstract: During the early years of European occupation in Southern Rhodesia, people on the margins of African society took advantage of the erosion of indigenous authority structures. Women, in particular, challenged male control over their mobility, sexuality, and productive and reproductive capacities. Initially, a degree of female ‘emancipation’ was encouraged by European missionaries and the colonial state, who considered such customs as child‐pledging, forced marriage, and polygamy to be ‘repugnant’ to European concepts of morality. During the first three decades of colonial rule, legislation was enacted that outlawed child marriages, set limitations on bridewealth, and prohibited the marriage of women without their consent. The resulting crisis of authority in the rural areas, foreshadowing the possibility of a total breakdown in law and order, forced state officials to reconsider their earlier policies. By the 1920s, a backlash against female emancipation was well under way, intensifying under the pressures...

We the people : the revolution of '89 witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin & Prague

Abstract: The author was present in four countries - Poland, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia - at cardinal moments in their emancipation during 1989 and describes the events.

Critical Theory in Political Practice

Abstract: In the social sciences and humanities it is fashionable to use the language of a critical theory of society While orthodoxy in these disciplines has often meant a commitment to the advancement of objective knowledge, to understanding the world "as it really is," critical theory has usually involved attempts to reveal the philosophical incoherence and political perniciousness of that commitment The social disciplines, according to advocates of critical theory, must play a role in changing the world so as to help emancipate those on the margins of society by providing them with insights and intellectual tools In a provocative study of critical social theory, Stephen Leonard takes these emancipatory goals as standards against which critical theory must be judged Leonard shows how such goals are established but not met by those thinkers usually associated with the idea of a critical theory--such as Marx, the members of the Frankfurt School, Habermas, and Foucault Drawing on examples of "critical theory in practice," he shows how dependency theory, Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy, liberation theology, and feminist theory contribute to a clearer understanding of how social and political emancipation can be pursued in ways that are philosophically rigorous and theoretically sound

A history of the Jews in Britain since 1858

Abstract: This book is the first scholarly overview of Anglo-Jewish history covering the century and a half following the political emancipation in 1858 of the Jews in Britain, which is often viewed as a critical point in their history. V.D. Lipman studies the process by which the originally small Anglo-Jewish community expanded as a result of the mass immigration from Eastern Europe, assisting with the new immigrants' acculturation and smoothing tensions with the larger British society. While the book deals primarily with the yeras from 1858-1939, it also offers a perspective on the years prior to "emancipation" as well as a guide through the war years up to the present. The reader is provided with the social, cultural, political, and economic life of a significant Jewish community, and a view of the immigration experience that contrasts with the American pattern.

Conflict and Compromise

Abstract: No series of events has had a more dramatic impact on the course of American history than the Civil War and the emancipation of four million black slaves. In this book Professor Roger Ransom examines the economic and political factors that led to the attempt by Southerners to dissolve the Union in 1860, and the equally determined effort of Northerners to preserve it. Drawing on recent research in economic, political, and social history, Ransom argues that the system of capitalist slavery in the South not only 'caused' the Civil War by producing tensions that could not be resolved by compromise; it also played a crucial role in the outcome of that War by crippling the southern war effort at the same time that emancipation became a unifying issue for the North.

Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women’s Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940

Abstract: June E. Hahner's pioneering work, Emancipating the Female Sex, offers the first comprehensive history of the struggle for women's rights in Brazil. Based on previously undiscovered primary sources and fifteen years of research, Hahner's study provides long-overdue recognition of the place of women in Latin American history. Hahner traces the history of Brazilian women's fight for emancipation from its earliest manifestations in the mid-nineteenth century to the successful conclusion of the suffrage campaign in the 1930s. Drawing on interviews with surviving Brazilian suffragists and contemporary feminists as well as manuscripts and printed documents, Hahner explores the strategies and ideological positions of Brazilian feminists. In focusing on urban upper- and middle-class women, from whose ranks the leadership for change arose, she examines the relationship between feminism and social change in Brazil's complex and highly stratified society.

African American Art and Artists

Abstract: Foreword Introduction to the Revised and Expanded Edition Preface Acknowledgments Introduction 1619-1865: CULTURAL DEPRIVATION AND SLAVERY The Craft Heritage as an Economic Resource The Emergence of Professional Artists Freemen and the Abolitionist Movement Discrimination and the Problem of Patronage 1865-1920: EMANCIPATION AND CULTURAL DILEMMA The First Major Landscape Painter The Diverse Quests for Professional Status American Reliance on the European Artistic Tradition 192-1940: NEW AMERICANISM AND ETHNIC IDENTITY The Spread of the Harlem Movement The Self-Taught Individualists 1940-1960: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AWARENESS Mural Art as Cultural and Social Commentary The WPA and Its Legacy 1960-1990: POLITICAL AND CULTURAL AWARENESS Painting The Flag: A Symbol of Repression Reality and the Dream Symbolism: Geometric, Organic, and Figurative Mixed-Media Assemblages Sculpture: Additive or Direct Art/Craft Drawing Graphic Processes: Economical and Aesthetic Approaches to Communication Performances/Installations/Environments 1990-2002: FROM PAINTING TO TECHNOLOGY: ART BEFORE AND INTO THE NEW MILLENNIUM Painting Sculpture Installation Art Mixed-Media Art Digital/Computer Art Conclusion Bibliography Index

Civil rights in imperial Russia

Abstract: Civil rights in Russia - legal standards in gestation, W.E.Butler property rights, populism and Russian political culture, Richard Wortman peasant land tenure and civil rights implications before 1906, Olga Crisp the Trojan mare - women's rights and civil rights in late Imperial Russia, William G.Wagner privileges, rights and Russification, Raymond Pearson religious toleration in late Imperial Russia, Peter Waldron the concept of "Jewish emancipation" in a Russian context, John D.Klier workers and civil rights in Tsarist Russia, 1899-1917, S.A.Smith freedom of association and the trade unions, 1906-1914, G.R.Swain freedom of the press under the old regime, 1905-1914, Caspar Ferenczi crime and punishment in the house of the dead, Alan Wood the security police, civil rights and the fate of the Russian empire, 1855-1917, D.C.B.Lieven was there a movement for civil rights in 1905?, Linda Edmondson civil rights and the provisional government, H.J.White.

Liberty and justice for all : racial reform and the social gospel (1877-1925)

Abstract: In the century between the "Emancipation Proclamation" of Abraham Lincoln and the "I Have a Dream" speech of Martin Luther King Jr., America sought both to rebuff and to redeem the promise of "liberty and justice for all." The story of slavery and the bloody civil war that abolished it has been told, but the story of the struggle for liberty and justice by and for African Americans in the half-century following the end of Reconstruction has been largely overlooked. In this highly readable narrative, distinguished historian Ronald C. White Jr. portrays the people, their ideas, and their ongoing struggle for racial reform in the United States from 1877-1925--a vital prelude to the modern civil rights movement and Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Struggle for Political Democracy: Emancipation, Gender, and Geography

Abstract: The discursive meaning of places and spaces is central to configurations of power. The author focuses on the patriarchal imaginative geography which designates spaces either as public, masculine, and political or as private, feminine, and domestic, and argues that this is an oppressive structure of signification which limits women's identities and powers by denying them a place in the polity. The author concentrates on resistance by feminists against their confinement to the domestic sphere, and begins by briefly discussing their suffrage campaigns in the period before the First World War to enter and change the public arena. She then presents the lives of two interwar women radicals who overcame the public–private dichotomy in their attempts to liberate children from the oppressions of class, gender, and race, and examines the way in which their work offers a radical democratic critique of the state itself. Their efforts are compared favourably to contemporary revisions of the English polity by democrati...

Habermas and green political thought

Abstract: My principal ecocentric objection to Habermas's social and political theory has been that it is thoroughly human-centered in insisting “that the emancipation of human relations need not require or depend upon the emancipation of nature.” 1 Although Habermas has moved beyond the pessimism and utopianism of the first generation of Critical Theorists by providing the conceptual foundations of the practical and emancipatory cognitive interests, he has, as Whitebook points out, also “markedly altered the spirit of their project.” 2 Yet it is precisely the “spirit” of the early Frankfurt school theorists, namely, its critique of the dominant “imperialist” orientation toward the world (rather than its critique of a simplistically conceived idea of science) and its desire for the liberation of nature, that is most relevant to - and provides the most enduring Western Marxist link with - the ecocentric perspective of the radical Greens.

Narcotics Addicts: Effect of Family and Parental Risk Factors on Timing of Emancipation, Drug Use Onset, Pre-Addiction Incarcerations and Educational Achievement

Abstract: The family background characteristics of 756 male heroin users were examined to determine the effects of selected family risk factors on the timing of onset of emancipation and drug use, on pre-add...

The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848-1889

Abstract: The journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, spanning the years from 1848 to 1889, is rare for its treatment of both the Civil War and postbellum years and for its candor and detail in treating these eras Thomas, who was born to wealth and privilege and reared in the tradition of the southern belle, tells of the hard days of war and the poverty brought on by emancipation and Reconstruction Her entries illuminate experiences shared with thousands of other southern women

Workers' Culture in Weimar Germany: Between Tradition and Commitment

Abstract: Culture and the German proletariat emancipation through culture - the SPD in theory and practice towards a fighting culture - the case of the German Communist party working-class milieu and workers' leisure - the culture of everyday life workers' sport workers' music visual arts theatre festkultur the new media and the parties of the left new lifestyles and the labour movement.

A Social and Economic History of Central European Jewry

Abstract: This volume is a pioneering effort to examine the social, demographic, and economic changes that befell the Jewish communities of Central Europe after the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire. It consists of studies researched and written especially for this volume by historians, sociologists, and economists, all specialists in modern Central European Jewish affairs. The era of national rivalry, economic crises, and political confusion between the two World Wars has been preceded by a pre-World War I epoch of Jewish emancipation and assimilation. During that period, Jewish minorities had been harbored from violent anti-Semitism by the Empire, and they became torchbearers of industrialization and modernization. This common destiny encouraged certain common characteristics in the three major components of the Empire, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech territories, despite the very different origins of the well over one million Jews in those three lands. The disintegration of the Habsburg Empire created three small, economically marginal national states, inimical to each other and at liberty to create their own policies toward Jews in accord with the preferences of their respective ruling classes. Active and openly discriminatory anti-Semitic measures resulted in Austria and Hungary. The only liberal heir country of the Empire was Czechoslovakia, although simmering anti-Semitism and below surface discrimination were widespread in Slovakia. While one might have expected Jewish communities to return to their pre-World War I tendencies to go their independent ways after the introduction of these policies, social and economic patterns which had evolved in the Habsburg era persisted until the Anschluss in Austria, German occupation in Czechoslovakia, and World War II in Hungary. Studies in this volume attest to continuing similarities among the three Jewish communities, testifying to the depth of the Empire's long lasting impact on the behavior of Jews in Central Europe.

Social Conflicts and Needs Theories: Some Observations

Abstract: The goal of a perfect social order, a frictionless society, composed of well developed individuals, is very old. This goal has yielded venerable social theories through the ages, each theory claiming for itself the exclusive wisdom of speaking for the troubled humanity and blueprinting its emancipation. But changing human sensibilities, circumstances and concerns have robbed these theories of their utility. Out of the ruins and scattered debris of these theories has now emerged, Sphinx-like, a new theory claiming to put an end to all theories by indicating how a perfect society of perfect individuals could be realized. This is human needs theory.

Taking the Universality of Human Needs Seriously

Abstract: As a political theorist concerned with human emancipation I consider myself a specialist in how things ought to be, in this country, and in this world. As a social scientist, however, I am interested only in conceptions of the future that in principle appear realistically attainable, by and by, by way of reasonably non-violent strategies. This chapter will try to convince you that the idea of an evolving struggle toward a human rights world order can be seen as an essential supplement to the stagnating, stability-serving agenda of liberal democracies and as an alternative to the dangerous vision of a Marxist world revolution.

Race, Realities, and American Education: Two Sides of the Coin.

Abstract: Just as a coin has two sides, so has today's theme. From my vantage point, side one is this: For Blacks in the United States the reality is that race, as it has been biologically and socially defined, has been a major determining factor in institutional arrangements, particularly with respect to the dominant power structure's formulation of what it considered to be appropriate educational policies, programs, and practices. Throughout U.S. history the dominant economic, political, and social ideologies regarding our reason for being in this country and our appropriate place in its structures have interacted to shape our educational arrangements, education being a subordinate social institution. As this audience knows well, the economic and political needs of the larger society dictated an educational policy of "compulsory ignorance" for Blacks in the South from slavery to emancipation (Bond, 1970). The small amount of education that was permitted occurred in the name of religion and was designed to "Christianize the heathens." Schooling was forbidden for most Blacks under the castelike laws that supported the southern agricultural economy. Since most Blacks lived in the South and the majority of them were slaves, this discriminatory educational policy affected the majority of our people. Relatively few Blacks were informally

From East and West : Jews in a changing Europe, 1750-1870

Abstract: Part 1 Getting on in the world: patriarchs and patricians - the Gradis family of 18th-century Bordeaux, Richard Menkiss Abraham de Camondo of Istanbul - the transformation of Jewish philanthropy, Alan Rodrigue majority faith - Dreyfus before the affair, Michael Burns. Part 2 Redefining community: the right to be equal - Zalkind Hourwitz and the revolution of 1789 - Frances Malino preacher, teacher, publicist - Joseph Wolf and the ideology of emancipation, David Sorkin Mordechai Aaron Guenzburg - a Lithuanian Maskil faces modernity - Israel Bartal. Part 3 Testing assimilation: the chequered career of "Jew" King: a study in Anglo-Jewish social history, Todd M.Endelmann Jewish upper crust and Berlin Jewish enlightenment - the family of Daniel Itzig, Steven Lowenstein work, love and Jewishness in the life of Fanny Lewald, Deborah Hertz. Part 4 Inventing orthodoxy: towards a biography of Hatam Sofer - Jacob Katz Zevi Hirsch Kalischer and the origins of religious Zionism - Jody Elizabeth Myers the anglicization of orthodoxy - the Adlers, father and son, Eugene C.Black.

Imaginative Freedom and the German Enlightenment

Abstract: ion, definition, and demonstration that reason imposes on cognition.4 Thus the birth of rationalist aesthetics in Baumgarten's philosophy clears the way for a philosophical account of aesthetic judgment in which exemption from the constraints of cognitive judgment is a dominant theme. The movement in German philosophy for the emancipation of beauty from cognition was an echo of what had begun earlier in German literary circles. Bodmer and Breitinger, the so-called "Swiss Critics" of Zurich, had been critical of the rule-fetishism of the ruling rationalist literary and dramatic theory associated especially with J. C. Gottsched. Gottsched took his task to be the improvement of the German literary niveau, and to that end he rigidly applied rules originally laid down by Horace and Aristotle and adapted by recent French aesthetic theorists such as Boileau. His insistence on a literal application of classicist rules led to such absurd prescriptions as, for instance, banning monologues ("Intelligent people are careful not to speak aloud when they are alone.") and asides ("It is then as if those present had lost their hearing for this short time.") on the grounds that they were "unnatural" and "improbable. "5 Exclusive emphasis on "reasonableness" (Verniinftigkeit) and insistence on following specific rules was taken by Gottsched's critics to be a denial of the importance of imagination and of artistic creativity. Bodmer and Breitinger, like Baumgarten, remained rationalists. That is, they did not deny the need for rule-governedness in aesthetic experience and creation, but they believed that the imagination of both artist and critic could and should be free to play a greater role in art and criticism.6 By far the greatest exponent of artistic freedom in Germany, however, was Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. He is perhaps better known for his advocacy of religious freedom and tolerance in such works as Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts and Nathan der Weise, but aesthetic as well as religious freedom was extremely important to Lessing. In terms of his personal philosophical development, the literary arguments came first and, I would argue, helped shape his later works on religion. Lessing, like Bodmer and Breitinger before him, reacted sharply to the excessive rationalism of German literary theory, and his polemics against Gottsched 4 A. G. Baumgarten, Aesthetica (Hildesheim, 1961) sec. 1 and 555-65. Cf. also L. W. Beck, Early German Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 279-80. 5 "Kluge Leute aber pflegen nicht laut zu reden, wenn sie allein sind." and "es ware denn, dass die anwesende Person auf eine so kurze Zeit ihr Gehor verloren hitte" (J. C. Gottsched, Versuch einer Critischen Dichtkunst, Ausgewihlte Werke, ed. Joachim Birke and Birgitte Birke [New York, 1973], 353). English translations of Gottsched in this

Human Rights – Universal Panacea? Some reflections on the so-called human rights of the third generation

Abstract: The UNESCO Courier of November 1977 carried an article in which Karel Vasak, the Director of the Organization's Division of Human Rights and Peace, called for the recognition of a ‘third generation’ of human rights: solidarity rights. The idea of solidarity rights was not new, but Vasak was the first to attempt to provide these rights with a conceptually valid place in the whole catalogue of human rights. For this purpose, he chose an attractive and, at first sight, an appealing formula. He took as his starting point three basic concepts and three types of revolution. The first revolution was the French Revolution of 1789, with its motto, ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’. In the course of this revolution it was, however, only the so-called freedom rights, the basic civil and political rights, which were actually realised. It was thanks to the Mexican and, in particular, the Russian Revolutions that a second generation of Human Rights gradually achieved universal recognition; these were the so-called equality rights: economic, social and cultural. We are currently experiencing a third revolution: the emancipation of colonized and dominated peoples, linked to total interdependence. One world or no world.

Background to contemporary Greece

Abstract: Indispensable for all serious students of modern Greece and essential reading for anyone interested in Greek politics, economy, foreign relations and culture. The contributors, from four different countries, combine empathy and objectivity in their studies of modern Greek literature, the development of a genuine national language, the Greek economy, the methods and results of American economic aid, means of increasing inter-Balkan cooperation, the inept Communist Party leadership in postwar years, the political history of the military dictatorship of 1967-74 and of the Greek-Turkish conflict, and stages in the emancipation of Greek women.