Showing papers on "Empire published in 1988"

Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830–1914

Abstract: IntroductionPART I. DAWN 1. From Dawn Island to Heart of Darkness 2. Bringing Up the Empire: Captain Marryats MidshipmenPART II. NOON 3. Thackeray's India 4. Black Swans or, Botany Bay Eclogues 5. The New Crusades 6. The Genealogy of the Myth of the "Dark Continent" 7. The Well at Cawnpore: Literary Representations of the Indian Mutiny of 1857PART III. DUSK 8. Imperial Gothic: Atavism and the Occult in the British Adventure Novel, 1880-1914 9. Epilogue: Kurtz's "Darkness" and Conrad's Heart of DarknessNotes Index

The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism

Abstract: Hunting - themes and variations the 19th-century hunting world hunting and African societies hunting and settlement in southern Africa game and imperial rule in Central Africa exploration, conquest and game in East Africa the imperial hunt in India from preservation to conservation - legislation and the international dimension reserves and the tsetse controversy national parks in Africa and Asia shikar and safari - hunting and conservation in the British empire. Appendices: the game legislation of the African colonies and India a colonoal game law - Northern Rhodesia, 1925 the membership of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire game and the independent African state - the Arusha manifesto, 1961.

The making of the Georgian nation

Abstract: Preface to the Second Edition Preface Note on Transliteration and Dating Part One The Rise and Fall of the Georgian Monarchies 1 The Formation of the Georgian Nation 2 Christian Georgia: The First Thousand Years 3 The Long Twilight of the Georgian Kingdoms Part Two Georgia in the Russian Empire 4 Russian Rule and Georgian Society 5 Emancipation anh the End of Seigneurial Georgia 6 Thge Emergence of Political Society 7 Marxism and the National Struggle 8 The End of Tsarist Georgia Part Three Revolutionary and Soviet Georgia 9 Revolution and Republic 10 Bolshevik Georgia 11 StalinOs Revolution 12 Stalinism in Georgia 13 Georgia and Soviet Nationality Policy since Stalin 14 The Georgian Road to Independece Glossary Notes Bibliographical Note Index

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

Abstract: Emerging from the partition of India in 1947, Pakistan was a product of the first and perhaps the most successful of those twentieth-century movements which sought to bring about an Islamic transformation of the post-colonial state. But the evolution of Islam's role in the Pakistan movement has long been debated. This book examines the problem through a detailed study of Muslim politics in the Punjab - Pakistan's largest and most important province - in the decades leading up to India's partition. Gilmartin argues that an understanding of Muslim politics in this period depends on an understanding of the close interaction between the ideology and structure of the British colonial empire on the one hand, and the structure of Islamic organization and ideas on the other.The British imperial state rejected religion as a foundation for its central authority, yet its structure encouraged the development of forms of rural Islam adapted to local organization and to the hierarchical and mediatory ideology of the imperial state. At the same time, alien colonial domination encouraged the growth of "communalism" and eventually of Muslim "nationalism," particularly in Punjab's cities - thus posing new ideological challenges to the British Raj. The tensions inherent in the structure and ideology of colonial organization thus provide the backdrop for the study. Gilmartin's extensive use of private papers, biographies, and autobiographies of prominent as well as less prominent political leaders helps give this study a balanced viewpoint. He also draws on a range of popular and private Urdu materials that lend the book an authentic voice. This study will be welcomed by students of colonial empire and by those interested in Islam's role in the modern world.

Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great

Abstract: Part I. General Narrative: 1. Prologue 2. The gaining of Empire (336-323 BC) 3. Epilogue: the shape of things to come Part II. Thematic Studies: A. Mainland Greece in Alexander's reign B. Alexander and his Empire C. Alexander and the army D. The divinity of Alexander.

The Meaning of the Terms Limes and Limitanei

Abstract: It is a commonplace of modern scholarship that the Roman Imperial Army in the frontier areas was organized in limes-systems: fortifications linked by roads along a fixed boundary, marked in many, but not all, parts of the empire by a river or an artificial obstacle: indeed, the term limes is often used as though it were self-explanatory. The term is certainly used in ancient sources; thus while the literature may furnish only fragmentary information on the army and its activities along the border, it does at least apparently provide us with a name to which to link the material remains. Over the past four decades conferences on Roman frontier studies have regularly been held, often under the title ‘Limes Congress’.

China: A Macro History

Abstract: Xi'an and the Loess Land the Second Sage and the First Emperor Soil, Wind, and Water Behind the Terracotta Army The First Empire: Establishing the Standard Literati Turned Warlords Prolonged Disunity When Historical Components Sprawled Far and Wide On the Road to Reunification The Second Empire: A Breakthrough That Failed to Materialize The Northern Song: A Daring Experiment West Lake and the Southern Song The Mongolian Interlude The Ming: An Introverted and Noncompetitive State The Late Ming The Role of the Manchus 1800: A Point for Reflection From the Opium War to the Self-Strengthening Movement The "Hundred Days", the Republic, and May Fourth Contemporary China and Its Place in the World Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao Epilogue: Reflections on Tiananmen. (Part contents).

Kingship and empire

Abstract: For ideas of kingship, the period c. 750 to c. 1150 was no longer one of beginnings but of consolidation. It saw the formation of a single culture in an expanded Latin Christendom. It began with the incorporation of significant Spanish and insular contributions into the mainstream of western political thought, and it ended with new contributions from as far afield as Bohemia and Denmark. The history of the period was dominated first by the Frankish Empire, then by states that succeeded to or were profoundly influenced by it. Its creation strengthened in the short run the traditional elements in barbarian kingship, successful leadership of the people ( gens ) in wars of conquest and plunder bringing Frankish domination of other gentes. Hence the hegemonial idea of empire, of the emperor ruling many peoples and realms, arose directly from the political experience of the eighth-century West. In the longer run power devolved to kingdoms that proved durable, without a gentile identity or an economic base in plunder and tribute. This brought new formulations of the realm as a territorial and sociological entity, the aristocracy sharing power and responsibility with the king. The idea of empire detached from its gentile anchorage acquired Roman-Christian universality. In the eighth century the Frankish kings Pippin and Charlemagne successfully mobilised two elites, the higher clergy of the Frankish Church and the Frankish aristocracy. Power-sharing was built into the fabric of the Carolingian Empire though it was masked at first by a community of interest that evoked a chorus of praise for rulers evidently possessed of divine approval.

The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius' "De Regno"

Abstract: SYNESIUS OF CYRENE'S De regno describes the threat that certain "Scythians" were posing to the safety of the state and recommends ways of countering it.1 There were of course no actual Scythians in Constantinople in ca A.D. 400, and scholars have been clear that this must be a disguised reference to a group of foreigners ("barbarians") who were then playing a significant role in the affairs of the Eastern Roman Empire. It was an established literary conceit to equate tribal groups of the Migration Period (ca 375 onwards) with those known from classical historical sources such as Herodotus, so that Goths and Huns often appear as Scythians, Getes, or Massagetae.2 Taken with material from the other work Synesius wrote at this time, the De providentia, the anti-Scythian passages have been used to reconstruct the political manifesto of a party of supposed Hellenic nationalists led by one Aurelianus, of whom Synesius is known to have been a committed supporter. Two main policies have been ascribed to this party: the desire to purge the Eastern Empire's military hierarchies of "barbarians," and an eastern nationalism which was content to see the western part of the Empire fall so long as the eastern half survived.3 More specifically, Synesius' attacks

Byzantine political thought

Abstract: The Byzantine Empire, or the Byzantinisation of the Roman Empire, began with the conversion to Christianity of Constantine and his foundation of Constantinople on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium. At once the main elements of Byzantine political thought are gathered together in one sentence. For Byzantine civilisation was an amalgam of three ingredients: Greek, Roman and Christian. Its political theory derived from the first two of those ingredients, which were tempered to accommodate the third. Its originators and its first apologists were the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, and the first historian of the Christian Church, Eusebius of Caesarea. The sincerity of Constantine's conversion has often been questioned, but his own writings leave little room for doubt that he saw himself as the servant and representative on earth of the Christian God. None of the Christians in his empire thought otherwise. The majority of his subjects were still pagan. They were shocked and offended that their emperor had seen fit to embrace a minority religion. But their pagan theorists, such as Themistius, were able to mitigate the shock by appealing to the Hellenistic theories of kingship. Here was common ground where pagan and Christian could meet on the subject of monarchy. Themistius regarded earthly monarchy as a copy of the kingship of Zeus, the supreme emperor ( basileus ). The kingdom of this world would be a reflection, a replica of that higher model. The king must possess and display a whole catalogue of virtues. Such notions can be traced back to the political theorists of Greek antiquity.

The Timurid architecture of Iran and Turan

Abstract: An upsurge of interest in Islamic art and architecture creates the ideal climate for publication of this long-awaited comprehensive picture of the entire range of building activity sponsored by the Timurids during the fifteenth century, including the monumental, color-clad mosques, shrines, and mausoleums. The term "Timurid" here refers not only to the empire established by Timur around 1370, but also to that of his successors and their rivals who shared in an extraordinary cultural flowering stretching from Iran throughout Turan, north of the Amu Darya River.In the interpretative essays that make up about half the first volume, Lisa Golombek and Donald Wilber discuss this mature culture and highlight the major architectural achievements of the age. Following the essays is an extensive catalogue of 257 Timurid monuments, based on field investigations by the authors and others and on original sources still inaccessible to most scholars. In addition, the authors have developed a new descriptive and critical vocabulary that will be useful not only for this period but for the study of the architecture of Mogul India, Safavid Iran, and, by extension, of the Ottoman Empire. The catalogue contains contributions by Terry Allen, Leonid S. Bretanitskii, Robert Hillenbrand, Renta Holod, Antony Hutt, L. Iu. Man'kovskaia, and Bernard O'Kane. The second volume contains the illustrations. A distinctive feature of this study is its treatment of general architectural questions, such as the uses of geometry, spatial and decorative characteristics, and construction techniques.

The Survival of Empire-Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea 1630-1754

Abstract: List of figures, maps and tables Glossary Notes on spelling and currency, weights and measures Preface 1. Maritime trade in Asia 2. Imperial foundations: the Estado da India and Macao 3. Population, personalities, and communal power 4. Country traders and Crown monopoly 5. Merchants and markets 6. Country traders and the search for markets 7. Imperial relations: Macao and the Estado de India: 8. Imperial survival: Sino-Portuguese relations from Ming to Ch'ing 9. Macao, companies and country traders: the other Europeans in China 10. Conclusion List of abbreviations and notes Bibliography Index.

Mammon and the pursuit of empire : the economics of British imperialism

Abstract: Historians have so far made few attempts to assess directly the costs and benefits of Britain's investment in empire. This book presents answers to some of the key questions about the economics of imperialism: how large was the flow of finance to the empire? How great were the profits on empire investment? What were the social costs of maintaining the empire? Who received the profits, and who bore the costs? The authors show that colonial finance did not dominate British capital markets; returns from empire investment were not high in comparison to earnings in the domestic and foreign sectors; there is no evidence of continued exploitative profits; and empire profits were earned at a substantial cost to the taxpayer. They depict British imperialism as a mechanism to effect an income transfer from the tax-paying middle class to the elites in which the ownership of imperial enterprise was heavily concentrated, with some slight net transfer to the colonies in the process.

The emergence of Latin America in the nineteenth century

Abstract: 1: Introduction 2: The Founding of a New Political System 3: The Economic and Social Dimensions 4: Mexico in Decline (1821-1850) 5: Andean South America to Midcentury: Consolidation of Independence 6: The Road to the Dictatorship in the Platine Area 7: The Rise of the Brazilian Monarchy (1850-1885) 8: Latin America at Midcentury: A Quickening Pace of Change 9: The Heyday of the Liberal Reform in Spanish America (1850-1880) I: Mexico and Columbia 10: The Heyday of Liberal Reform in Spanish America (1850-1880) II: Argentina, Chile, and Some Other Cases 11: The Flowering and the Decline of the Brazilian Empire (1850-1885) 12: The Caribbean Vortex in the Nineteenth Century: Cuba and Central America 13: The Liberal Legacy and the Quest for Development Notes Appendixes Chronology Further Reading Index

Simulacra Gentium: the Ethne from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias

Abstract: Series of provinces and peoples were something new in Roman art. They were a distinctively Roman way of representing their empire visually, and reflect a distinctively Roman and imperial mode of thought. Such images are most familiar to us in sculpture from the reliefs that decorated the temple of Hadrian in Rome, and on coins from the ‘province’ series of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. We know, however, from various written sources that extensive groups of personified peoples were made at Rome under Augustus. Recently, the discovery of such a series in relief at Aphrodisias, there called ethne (peoples), allows us for the first time to see what an early imperial group of this kind looked like. The new reliefs were part of the elaborate decoration of a temple complex, probably called a Sebasteion, dedicated to Aphrodite Prometor and the Julio-Claudian emperors. I have already published in this journal the reliefs with imperial scenes, which portray the Roman emperor from a Greek perspective. This article publishes the ethne reliefs which, it will be argued, set out to reproduce or adapt in a much more direct manner an Augustan monument in Rome. The use of an Augustan-style ‘province’ series in Asia Minor is a telling illustration both of some of the mechanisms in the transmission of imperial art and of a Greek city's identification with the Roman government's view of its empire.

The Oxford history of the classical world

Abstract: This superbly illustrated book is divided into three main sections. The first, Greece , runs from the eighth to the fourth centuries BC, a period unparalleled in history for its brilliance in literature, philosophy, and the visual arts. The second, Greece and Rome , deals with the Hellenization of the Middle East by the monarchies established in the area conquered by Alexander the Great, the growth of Rome, and the impact of the two cultures on one another. The third, Rome , covers the foundation of the Roman Empire by Augustus and its consolidation in the first two centuries AD. An envoi discusses some aspects of the later Empire and its influence on western civilization, not least through the adoption of Christianity.

An empire in eclipse : Japan in the postwar American alliance system : a study in the interaction of domestic politics and foreign policy

Abstract: In this major account of Japan's relationship with America since the Second World War, the author breaks new ground in linking Japan's foreign policy with the arena of domestic politics. The changing balance between a pro-American and anti-American groups was a decisive factor and Professor Welfield provides a lucid analysis of this complex scene. First published in 1988, this title is part of the Bloomsbury Academic Collections series.

Pleasure, profit, proselytism : British culture and sport at home and abroad, 1700-1914

Abstract: This book examines aspects of sport which Britain nurtured within its own culture and also transmitted to overseas territories with the expansion of empire.

Women of the Raj

Abstract: Looking at Britain's involvement in India over three and a half centuries, but particularly the period of empire from the 1850s to 1947, the author recreates the role of the women of the Raj from their own letters and memoirs, from novels, and from interviews with survivors. The text is complemented by a wide-ranging selection of contemporary illustrations.

Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate, 1760s-1830s

Abstract: Russia's expansion into a large multinational empire was accompanied by a drive towards centralism and administrative uniformity Yet, particularly in the Western borderlands, Russia did accommodate itself to the reality of privileged self-governing areas The Ukrainian Hetmanate, which came under the tsar's suzerainty in 1654, preserved for over a century its own military, administrative, fiscal, and judicial system A basic but not well-researched theme of Russian history has been the tension between the centripetal forces favoring uniformity in administration, social structure, and even culture and centrifugal forces demanding the adherence to the rights of such special privileged territories as the Ukrainian Hetmanate, the Baltic areas, the Congress Kingdom, and the Grand Duchy of Finland Zenon E Kohut examines the struggle between Russian centralism and Ukrainian autonomy He concentrates on the period from the reign of Catherine II, during which Ukrainian institutions were abolished, to the 1830s, when Ukrainian society had been integrated into the imperial system The study focuses on three principal problems First, it shows how cameralist thought, Enlightenment ideas, and theories of a well-ordered police state reinforced Russia's drive towards centralism and uniformity and how these theoretical considerations were applied in the formulation of policy Second, the work determines the extent to which Ukrainian society both resisted and accommodated itself to imperial integration Social integration proved to be particularly difficult because of the dissimilarities in social structure between Russia and the Ukraine and because of the autonomist outlook of the Ukrainian gentry Third, the study concludes that the very success of the integration process resulted in the Russification of the Ukrainian towns and in reducing Ukrainians to a peasant nation Imperial absorption of the Hetmanate also strengthened the concept of Russia as a unitary state even as the empire was again challenged by the autonomous institutions of its more recent Western acquisitions Meticulously researched, lucidly written, and well argued, Kohut's book not only is a major contribution to Ukrainian studies, but also enlarges on such wide-ranging topics as the formation of the Russian Empire, the origins of Russia's nationalities problems, and the general conflict between royal absolutism and regional privilege

Catherine the Great: Life and Legend

Abstract: Empress of the vast Russian Empire by the age of 33, Catherine's private and public life generated tremendous contemporary controversy, and she has subsequently been portrayed variously as a political genius, a despotic foreign adventuress, a tyrant, and a nymphomaniac. Drawing on little-known sources, including Catherine's billets doux , John Alexander has produced a much-needed balanced appraisal and popular biography of one of the most powerful, infamous, and colourful figures in modern history.

Angels and citizens : British women as military nurses, 1854-1914

Abstract: Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations Introduction Part I Women in a Man's World 1 Before the Nightingales 2 The Crimean Experiment 3 Lady into Nurse: Jane Shaw Stewart and the public service 1859-70 4 Uneasy Truce: Her Majesty's Nursing Sisters 1870-1902 Part IIA New View of War 5 Philanthropy and the Battlefield 1854-78 6 'Comfort after Comfort': Nursing Lobbies and the War Office 1879-83 Part III The Big Show 7 Heroines for the Empire 1883-1902 8 Disasters and Reform: the Anglo-Boer War and after 1899-1906 9 The Birth of the VAD: Nursing Reserve Schemes 1906-14 10 Emancipation or Militarisation? Appendix: The Nursing of Officers A Note on Sources Notes and References Bibliography Index

Close-Kin Marriage in Late Antique Mesopotamia

Abstract: A LTHOUGH THE ROMAN EMPIRE was fundamentally exogamous in its marriage patterns,· Keith Hopkins has presented evidence that Roman Egypt was an exception to this general rule. In this part of the empire, brother-sister marriage was practiced on a significant scale during the first three centuries A.D.2 I argue here that closekin marriage in the eastern regions of the Roman Empire was not limited to Egypt. The evidence for this pertains to the provinces of Mesopotamia and Osrhoene in late antiquity. Although the available material is very limited compared with the Egyptian census records which Hopkins had at his disposal, it is sufficient to show that closekin marriage was an established practice in the areas in question. Mesopotamia and Osrhoene, in the region bounded by the Middle Euphrates and Tigris rivers, lay adjacent to the Persian empire, now Rome's chief political and military rival. Evidence for the practice of close-kin marriage here can be discerned in two sixth-century laws. The first, which has frequently been noted by scholars,3 was issued by the emperor Justinian in 535/6-his 154th Novel. 4 This law is directed specifically to inhabitants of the provinces of Osrhoene and Mesopotamia who have entered into unlawful marriages (gamoi athemitoi). Clemency is proclaimed for those who have entered into these unions before the issuing of this law, but henceforth capital punishment and confiscation of property is to be the penalty. The type of

William of Tyre, historian of the Latin East

Abstract: Preface Abbreviations and forms of reference Introduction Part I. William of Tyre and the Writing of the Historia: 1. William's career 2. William's historical writings 3. Classical and Christian influences in the Historia 4. William and his sources Part II. William of Tyre and the Meaning of the Historia: 5. The monarchy 6. Regnum and ecclesia 7. The papacy 8. The Byzantine empire 9. The war against the infidel Conclusion Bibliography Index.

Islam and the Russian Empire: Reform and Revolution in Central Asia

Abstract: Note on the transliteration of Persian and Turkish Publisher's Preface. Preface. Introduction. Part I The Origins of Reformism in Bukhara 1 Bukhara on the Eve of the Russian Conquest. 2 The Russian Conquest: Bukhara Face-to-Face with Capitalism and the West. 3 Preambles to Reformism. Part 2 In Search of an Ideology, 1900-17 4 National Awakening in Turkistan. 5 Beginnings of Reformation in Bukhara. 6 Era of the Secret Societies, 1910-14. Part 3 National Reconquest, 1917-24 7 End of the Russian Empire: Bukhara Face-to-Face with War and Revolution. 8 The October Revolution. Alliance between the Jadids and the Bolsheviks. 9 The People's Republic of Bukhara. Conclusion. Appendix 1 Dynasties and Rulers of the Khanate of Bukhara. Appendix 2 Statutes of the Benevolent Society of Bukhara for the Dissemination of Knowledge among the Masses. Appendix 3 The Emir of Bukhara's Manifesto of 30 March 1917. Appendix 4 Reform Programme for Bukhara, drawn up by the Young Bukharan Party. Notes. Select Bibliography. Supplementary Select Bibliography. Glossary of Arabic, Persian and Turkish Terms. Index of Subjects. Index of Names.