Showing papers on "Energy management published in 1983"

Water resources management: policy economics for an era of transitions

Abstract: Prior to the last decade, federal water-project construction programs dominated water policy. These programs continue, but at a reduced level of funding, and the nation now is denning a new agenda of water resources issues to include water quality management and water allocation. Economists engaged in studies of water resources policy, and who seek to influence the direction of policy through research, teaching, and extension will find these exciting times.

Energy efficiency and fuel substitution in the cement industry, with emphasis on developing countries

Abstract: As a result of the sharp increase in the price of energy during the 1970s and the associated changes in the relative costs of alternative energy resources, all countries need to conserve energy and to replace expensive sources of energy with cheaper ones. The subjects of energy conservation and fuel substitution have therefore assumed increasing importance worldwide. The cement industry is one of the relatively energy-intensive industries with energy-related costs accounting for a major portion of the costs of manufacturing cement. The recent experience of the industrialized countries has shown that energy costs per unit of output of cement could be significantly reduced through a variety of measures ranging from better housekeeping, energy management, and improved monitoring and control systems to more capital-intensive investments in modifications to existing plant and equipment and conversion to more energy-efficient processes. This report aims at a broad presentation of concepts, measures and issues relevant to achieving such improvements in energy efficiency in the cement industry based on experience in both industrialized and developing countries

Determining Maintenance Schedules for Thermal Production Units: The Kapila Model

Abstract: Outages for maintenance work on thermal generation units are scheduled by means of an annual planning procedure. The importance of the choices made in managing the power pool and the considerable progress being made in the field of data processing have led Electricite de France (EDF) to develop and implement a new procedure. The KAPILA model described in this paper applies an heuristic approach based essentially on the following elements: -development of a relation of order for all units due for maintenance work, -assessment of yearly management costs measuring the economic incidence of maintenance for each unit, -taking into account the various technical constraints through penalty functions, evaluation of all possible maintenance solutions for each unit, -iteration of the algorithm. The KAPILA model, with its fine performance in machine time (1300 K-bytes of 8 bits, 1 minute on IBM 3033), is the model currently used by the Departments concerned with scheduling at EDF. Its implementation has allowed for the development of planning schedules from 1980 onwards and the management of planning deviations since this period. Since 1980, the KAPILA model has belonged to the SGEP (Systeme de Gestion Energetique Previsionnelle, i.e. Energy Management Planning System).

Chiller optimization by energy management control systems

Abstract: Two developments in the last decade make this article's topic an issue of major concern to refrigeration engineers. One is the soaring cost of energy, and the resulting need to reduce a building's energy consumption. A substantial part of this energy consumption comes from the building's chilled water system and specifically the chiller. The other is the increasing application of computer technology to control HVAC equipment through the use of energy management control systems (EMCS). These two developments have combined to make chiller optimization by EMCS an effective means to reduce a building's energy consumption today.

Dispersed Storage and Generation Impacts on Energy Management Systems

Abstract: This paper examines the various technologies for small-scale generation or storage of electricity known collectively as dispersed storage and generation, DSG. DSGs are seen to be an inhomogeneous group. The impact on energy management due to the integration of DSGs into the power system is examined, with emphasis on control, monitoring and operating problems.

Energy efficiency and fuel substitution in the cement industry with emphasis on developing countries. Technical paper

Abstract: As a result of the sharp increase in the price of energy during the 1970s and the associated changes in the relative costs of alternative energy resources, all countries need to conserve energy and to replace expensive sources of energy with cheaper ones. The subjects of energy conservation and fuel substitution have therefore assumed increasing importance worldwide. The cement industry is one of the relatively energy-intensive industries with energy-related costs accounting for a major portion of the costs of manufacturing cement. The recent experience of the industrialized countries has shown that energy costs per unit of output of cement could be significantly reduced through a variety of measures ranging from better housekeeping, energy management, and improved monitoring and control systems to more capital-intensive investments in modifications to existing plant and equipment and conversion to more energy-efficient processes. This report aims at a broad presentation of concepts, measures and issues relevant to achieving such improvements in energy efficiency in the cement industry based on experience in both industrialized and developing countries. In so doing, it identifies possible constraints to the successful execution of energy efficiency programs that can be found in many developing countries, and indicates some measures that can be more » taken at the government, industry and plant levels to stimulate the achievement of increased energy efficiency at the plant level. (Copyright (c) 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.) « less

Climate, energy and transportation

Abstract: Processes in the climate system afford opportunities for direct energy capture. They also affect every energy use consideration from initial demand to final abandonment. In turn, the products of energy consumption disrupt energy and mass budgets in the environment. Fossil fuel and biomass combustion in particular has increased atmospheric concentrations of gases and aerosols that threaten to change global climates. Attempts to reduce environmental impacts or to modify climate deliberately for improvement of energy management require further expenditures of energy which are likely to generate a new series of effects. The complex problems implicit in these interactions call for equally complex approaches involving economic, social, and political decisions as well as technological advances. A review of climate‐energy relations in the field of transportation demonstrates that applied climatology can contribute to solutions.

Journal of Energy Engineering

Abstract: The Journal of Energy Engineering reports on the scientific and engineering knowledge in the planning, development, management, and finances of energy-related programs. The journal is dedicated to civil engineering aspects of the issues, sources, and programs that are either directly related to, or can ultimately contribute to, the production, distribution, and storage of energy. Multidisciplinary subjects are especially encouraged. Original contributions are encouraged in, but not limited to, the following areas: generation of electric power; nuclear power issues; energy planning (planning for generation capacity expansions, hydropower planning, network and transmission planning, reliability); energy policy and economics (financial and customer markets, regulatory and financial issues); energy development (solar power, renewable energy, waste-to-energy systems); energy systems operation (thermal and hydropower operation and optimization, scheduling, load forecasting, demand-side management); energy efficiency, reducing consumption of or conservation of energy; energy sustainability as related to energy and power production, distribution, and usage; waste management and environmental issues; and energy infrastructure issues (power plant safety, security of infrastructure network).

The heat path diagram for energy management

Abstract: The paper first defines energy management as a large scale optimization problem. We then identify the subproblem of adjusting the heat f low between each of several processes and a common utility system as one which can be studied using recent work by Cerda and coworkers (Doldan et al, 1983a, Doldan et al, 1983b). We decribe the use of a diagram which shows the f low of heat in such processes. With it one is able to see when improving the utility consumption of one or more of the processes may only result in the generation of more low pressure powerhouse steam. The diagram allows one to accomplish the analysis by hand methods. A linear programming model can also be written which corresponds to it. Finally we show how one can locate the more energy efficient relative production rates among the processes.

Retrofit energy studies using the DOE-2 computer simulation program

Abstract: The DOE-2 computer program has been used extensively in recent years for modeling energy conservation measures (ECMs). Due to the complex and time consuming data gathering process demanded by the program, use of the model is most appropriate for complicated buildings. Methods that can streamline the input and output effort are possible. Retrofit measures simulated on a DOE-2 computer model, as opposed to manual methods, are simply executed and produce more reliable results. In addition, a completed computer model can be a powerful resource for an energy manager if used periodically to understand and control building energy use.

Reduction of peak-power demand for electric rail transit systems

Abstract: Rail transit managers will find this report useful in assessing operation of their electrified systems. Energy cost reduction guidelines contain step-by-step procedures for energy load management by reducing peak power demand. Factors contributing to peak power demand were identifited, energy use patterns were identified, and policies were examined. Data was collected and analyzed for four transit agencies so that the sensitivity of factors influencing power demand could be determined by using the Energy Management Model (EMM), a series of computer simulation programs. General findings were: (1) Reduction of peak-power demand in electric rate structures can be cost effective for transit agencies; (2) Costs and benefits of load management are site-specific; (3) Load management should be part of an overall energy management effort. Vehicle-performance modifications such as top-speed limits and coasting can produce immediate savings. More sophisticated strategies may be desirable for optimum cost reduction. As load management reduces peak demand, utility cost allocations are shifted to other customers and careful negotiation will be necessary to avoid higher rates in future years.

Distributed Energy Control System Installation Challenge

Abstract: The new Energy Management System (EMS) to monitor and control the Gulf States Util ities Power System is proceeding under an innovative implementation approach. The hierarchical system will have redundant computers at six locations with 216 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) interfaced to the power grid in power plants and substations. This paper deals with the implementation philosophy and methods that offer promising improvements in problem areas common to EMS installations.

Customer/Utility Relationships A New Approach to Credit and Load Management Systems

Abstract: Excess plant provisioning to meet variable customer demand is economically inefficient. The traditional view is that electricity generation must follow an open-ended customer demand regardless of cost. The paper challenges that thinking and makes the proposal that electricity demand be tailored to generation and outlines the managerial techniques and customer/utility changes to make this a reality. Complementary aspects covering credit management, tariffs, communications, together with their interactions, are studied and requirements identified for a comprehensive electronic management system.

Building energy efficiency and the fire problem

Abstract: Several energy conservation measures have been documented as contributing to fire ignition. These range from long-term heat entrainment resulting in smouldering ignition to the effects of prismatically focused solar energy on the internal components of solar collectors. This paper examines key ignition problems in energy efficient features and methods of controlling their impact. Secondly, it discusses general fire problems in buildings and ways in which energy management measures might be expected to influence the outcome of a building fire. Open planning, “envelope” configurations, air-tightness, thermal massing and other considerations are identified. Finally, the paper examines the role of energy features in terms of occupant survival of a fire. Toxicity of fire by-products, effects of incomplete combustion resulting from super-insulated areas and influences on egress features are considered.

Management approach to energy cost control in wastewater utilities

Abstract: Cost-effective energy management in wastewater treatment plants should take into account the specific cost elements of energy use in the plant as a whole and in individual process units. Energy efficiency measures, to achieve maximum cost savings, must be designed to address the specific features of the plant's electricity costs. A time-based cost profile must be developed to accurately evaluate conservation options. The management plan should concentrate on energy conservation. The strategy should include developing detailed load data on major treatment units, and using it to maintain accurate time-based cost profiles. It should also consider added instrumentation to afford data and control capabilities needed for effective load management, and consider use of internal electric generation for peak load reduction. Modest load deferral options should also be evaluated. The framework provided by a cost-based energy management approach permits complementary interaction of conservation and efficiency measures. 7 figures. (DP)

An expert system concept for autonomous spacecraft energy management

Abstract: This paper presents a concept for an on-board spacecraft energy management system utilizing an expert systems approach. The energy management system continuously monitors and predicts the power capability of the spacecraft power subsystem, determines the overall electrical load profile, defines necessary changes to the initial equipment timeline, and implements new mission timeline and electrical load sequencing activities with little or no ground intervention. The system is intended to not only permit continued spacecraft operation in a degraded power subsystem state due to internal or external causes, but also to significantly optimize mission operation via maximum utilization of available power. The paper discusses the present state of the art of artificial intelligence technology and why the expert system is an attractive option to automate the energy management system for high power spacecraft.

Retrofitting for energy savings

Abstract: An energy audit is a useful tool for assessing energy usage within a plant or individual unit. Comparison of measured energy usage with guideline values for the industry or particular processes will indicate energy inefficiency. Energy efficiency is a function of plant age, operating severity, feedstock type and the skill level of the operational personnel. As part of the audit, means for improving energy efficiency should be identified. Both capital costs for process modifications to improve energy usage and resulting operating cost savings can be quantified. With this information, individual energy saving projects can be evaluated along with other capital improvements to determine the merits of implementation. Generally speaking, most energy conservation projects can be justified by operating cost savings, particularly if future energy costs are considered. Physical space limitations within the plant and the cost of downtime for plant modifications must be considered.