Showing papers on "Facial expression published in 1976"

Measuring Facial Movement

Abstract: A procedure has been developed for measuring visibly different facial movements. The Facial Action Code was derived from an analysis of the anatomical basis of facial movement. The method can be used to describe any facial movement (observed in photographs, motion picture film or videotape) in terms of anatomically based action units. The development of the method is explained, contrasting it to other methods of measuring facial behavior. An example of how facial behavior is measured is provided, and ideas about research applications are discussed.

Emotional Expression in Infancy: A Biobehavioral Study

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Facial muscle patterning to affective imagery in depressed and nondepressed subjects.

Abstract: When subjects imagine happy, sad, and angry situations, different patterns of facial muscle activity are produced which can be measured by electromyography. These subtle, typically covert, facial expression patterns differentiate depressed from nondepressed subjects. Facial electromyography can provide a sensitive, objective index of normal and clinical mood states.

Effects of nonverbal dissimulation on emotional experience and autonomic arousal.

Abstract: Three studies are reported that examine the relationship between the nonverbal display of emotional affect and indices of the emotional state. Subjects were asked either to conceal or to exaggerate the facial display associated with the anticipation and reception of painful shocks that varied in intensity. Both self-reports of shock painfulness and skin conductance measures of emotional response showed significant changes paralleling the changes induced in expressive behavior; that is, the suppression of expressive responses decreased the magnitude of phasic skin conductance changes and subjective reports of painfulness as compared to the free expression or exaggeration of pain-related expressive response. The effects were obtained for shocks of varying intensities and for both male and female subjects. The findings support theories of emotion that assume that expressive responses serve a self-regulatory as well as a social-communicative function, and further suggest that the self-regulation is mediated neurally, rather than via a process of self-attribution. Finally, the results highlight the need for research on dissimulation in social interaction to consider the effects of acting upon the actor, as well as its effects upon the inferences of observers.

Facial expression and imagery in depression: an electromyographic study.

Abstract: When subjects are instructed to self-generate happy, sad, and angry imagery, discrete patterns of facial muscle activity can be detected using electromyographic (EMG) procedures. Prior research from this laboratory suggests that depressed subjects show attenuated facial EMG patterns during imagery conditions, particularly during happy imagery. In the present experiment, 12 depressed subjects and 12 matched normals were requested to generate happy and sad imagery, first with the instruction to simply "think" about the imagery, and then to self-regulate the affective state by "reexperiencing the feelings" associated with the imagery. Continuous recordings of facial EMG were obtained from the corrugator, zygomatic major, depressor anguli oris, and mentalis muscle regions. It was hypothesized that (a) these muscle sites would reliably differentiate between happy and sad imagery. (b) the instruction to self-generate the affective feeling state would produce greater EMG differences than the "think" instructions, and (c) the "think" instructions would be a more sensitive indicator of the difference between depressed and nondepressed subjects, especially for happy imagery. All three hypotheses were confirmed. The application of facial electromyography to the assessment of normal and clinical mood states, and the role of facial muscle patterning in the subjective experience of emotion, are discussed.

The Language Performance of the Oral Deaf

Abstract: Publisher Summary The term “language” refers to a learned code, which is used for the purpose of verbal communication. Important characteristics of this code are that variations in meaning can be achieved by creative changes in the arrangement of words. Spoken and written symbols potentially are involved, and the rules governing word usage and order are shared by more than one person. Non-verbal communication through facial expression and body gesture is not a part of the language system. This chapter describes the language impairments of school-aged, deaf children that have been reported for three major modalities: reading, writing, and oral expression. The classification of children with hearing loss is complicated and must include variables, such as hearing threshold levels, and time of onset of the hearing loss. An orientation is required as to the characteristics of the children who have been included in the studies that have been reviewed. Investigators of the language of deaf children have employed the instruments that are being used with hearing children.

Changes in facial expression as a result of plastic surgery in mongoloid children

Abstract: However, the consequences of this clinical picture can be alleviated, and in this way the best possible physical and mental development of these children is ensured. All children with Down's syndrome grow and develop slowly. The number and extent of mongoloid symptoms make it impossible to make any prognosis as to the future physical and mental development. Mongoloid children resemble one another like sisters or brothers, although they do not have half of the hereditary factors in common as other siblings do. One distinguishing feature of mongoloid children is their inability to perform abstract thinking. The life expectancy of these children used to be low because they were prone to infectious diseases. Formerly, 75% died before reaching puberty; only 10% reached the age of 25. But in the last 30 years pediatric surgery and chemotherapy have made it possible to double the mean survival period. A mongoloid child is a severe burden for the parents and other family members. Care and upbringing are far more difficult than they are for a normal child. The functional unity of the family is largely disrupted by the presence of a mongoloid child. Nevertheless, mongoloid children need a lot of love. They want contact with other people, and hence they often become the loved center of the family. Parents usually love their mongoloid child very much. After consultation with our human geneticist Prof. Degenhardt, we tried to modify the stigmata, that is, the facies, in a child with Down's syndrome by carrying out plastic surgery. Our procedure was as follows:

Delta-9-THC and nonverbal communication in monkeys.

Abstract: Male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform an instrumental avoidance conditioned response. They were then paired in the “cooperative conditioning” paradigm, a situation designed to measure the quality of nonverbal communication by changes in facial expression. A “responder monkey” was able to perform discriminated instrumental avoidance responses by processing facial expressive cues provided through a closed circuit television picture of a “stimulus monkey” which was receiving presentations of the conditioned stimulus. Oral administration of 1.0 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) to the stimulus animal, the responder, both animals, or neither animal was given in all possible combinations of pairings to determine if delta-9-THC affects the expressiveness of the stimulus monkey or the sensitivity of the responder to the expressions of others. The drug impaired the display of facial expression in “stimulus” subjects but enhanced the ability of “responders” to discriminate the expressions of their partners. Measures of heart rate during cooperative conditioning revealed that delta-9-THC lowered cardiac rates of responder monkeys.

Skillfulness in the Judgment of Facial Expression in Relation to a Panel of Judges

Abstract: Summary The skill fulness of individual Ss in judging facial expressions was evaluated in terms of each S's consistency with the dominant combined judgment of a selected panel of judges. A theoretical model was advanced interrelating distinctions in emotion category, such as pleasure, annoyance, etc., degree of confidence in these category distinctions, and dimensional scaling of emotion intensity and subjective energeticness (activation level) within and combined across already-distinguished monopolar emotion categories. A bipolar pleasure-displeasure emotion intensity dimension was also included. Data extensive enough for analysis of each Ss performance separately were gathered from eight male and female undergraduate Ss on 100 newsmagazine facial snapshots. Nine hypotheses were tested and confirmed. Findings were interpreted as a synthesis and extension of previous approaches. Limitations of the study and directions of future research were discussed.

Field-dependence and facial expressions.

Abstract: Facially expressive and nonexpressive subjects (40 undergraduate women) were compared on a measure of field-dependence--independence. Expressives were significantly more field-independent than non-expressives. It was suggested that both social development and the situational context play important roles in determining the effects of perceptual style on nonverbal behavior.

Recognition of happy and sad facial expressions among Baganda and US children

Abstract: The recognition of happy and sad expressions by U.S. children and by Baganda children and adults was assessed using schematic drawings. Developmental and cultural differences and similarities in this ability were found. The happy expression was more easily identified by the young children than the sad expression. When stimuli potentially contradictory to the facial expression (e.g., red dress on a sad girl, tears on a happy face) were added to the drawings, many African and U.S. children changed their previous judgments. In several cases, only the Baganda children changed their judgments; the American children were unaffected. Socioeconomic factors and certain cultural values may have been responsible for yielding cross-cultural differences.