Showing papers on "Femoral artery published in 1985"

Bioassay of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s): inactivation by catecholamines

Abstract: A bioassay technique was developed to analyze the effect of vasoactive substance(s) released from endothelial cells. Canine femoral arteries with or without endothelium were perfused with physiological salt solution at 37 degrees C. The perfusate was bioassayed with a ring of coronary artery without endothelium. A substance(s) released by the endothelial cells under basal conditions caused relaxation of unstimulated coronary arteries or relaxation of those contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha. The release of the relaxing substance(s) was augmented by acetylcholine. The relaxation induced by acetylcholine was biphasic: an initial rapid phase followed by a partial recovery and a slowly developing prolonged relaxation; the half-life of the substance(s) causing the initial phase averaged 6.3 s. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and ascorbic acid, given downstream of the femoral artery, reversibly prevented the second phase but only attenuated the initial relaxation. These observations indicate that an endothelium-derived relaxing substance(s) is released into the lumen of the femoral artery under basal conditions and during stimulation with acetylcholine. Catecholamines can inactivate the relaxing substance(s) but do not prevent either its production by endothelial cells or its action on vascular smooth muscle.

Pseudoaneurysm: a complication of faulty technique in femoral arterial puncture.

Abstract: Pseudoaneurysm is a well-documented but rare complication of retrograde femoral arterial puncture. We present six patients in whom pseudoaneurysm complicated this procedure. The pseudoaneurysm arose from the superficial femoral artery in five patients and from the profunda femoris artery in one. An arteriovenous fistula also arose from the superficial femoral artery in one patient. In no patient did the pseudoaneurysm arise from the common femoral artery. Two mechanisms are postulated as to why pseudoaneurysms rarely complicate puncture of the common femoral artery.

Vascular adrenergic neuroeffector function does not decline in aged rats.

Abstract: To investigate adrenergic control of blood vessels during aging, rats aged 6, 12, 20, and 27 months were studied using in vitro techniques. Accumulation of [3H]norepinephrine, one index of adrenergic nerve density, did not alter with age in the femoral or renal arteries or renal vein. In the femoral vein [3H]norepinephrine accumulation was greater at 6 and 27 months of age. Norepinephrine sensitivity was determined in both an innervated vessel, the femoral artery, and a non-innervated vessel, the carotid artery. In both cases, sensitivity to norepinephrine did not alter with age. In the renal and femoral arteries and veins, no significant changes in maximum responses to norepinephrine (10(-5) M), potassium chloride, or transmural nerve stimulation were seen with advancing age. Furthermore, frequency response curves (2-16 Hz, 200 pulses) did not differ with age for any of the four vessels studied, with one exception. The response to stimulation at 4 Hz of the femoral vein from 6-month-old rats was significantly larger than responses at other ages. During nerve stimulation, the renal vein exhibited rapid contractions superimposed upon the maintained contractile response. This type of rapid contraction occurred only rarely (1 out of 5) in the renal vein from 27-month-old rats. In summary, neither adrenergic nerve density as reflected by [3H]norepinephrine accumulation nor norepinephrine sensitivity decline with age. As the net effect of various components, the ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to adrenergic nerve stimulation is also maintained during advancing age.

Regional perfusion in normal and ischemic rat sciatic nerves

Abstract: We measured regional blood flow in rat sciatic-posterior tibial nerve using an iodo-[14C]antipyrine autoradiographic technique. Average flow was 12.1 +/- 3.3 ml/100 gm/min, considerably less than that of both gray and white matter structures in the cerebral hemispheres. Perfusion was homogeneous along the proximal-distal extent of this nerve and along its radial axis. Acute occlusion of the femoral artery reduced regional sciatic blood flow. Flow was especially depressed within the endoneurial core of the proximal posterior tibial branch, which lies in a watershed zone between adjacent segmental arterial fields. The topography of the arterial supply to nerves and their abundant collateral circulation may explain the centrifascicular distribution of nerve infarcts, and in part can account for the apparent resistance of peripheral nerves to ischemia.

An evaluation of resting arterial ischemia models in the rat hind limb.

Abstract: Techniques for using the rat hind limb as a model of pure arterial ischemia at rest have not been well defined. Because the rat has no profunda femoral artery, numerous collateral pathways exist to the hind limb, and femoral artery ligation is not an effective method of inducing arterial ischemia. After several anatomic studies, a two stage operation to produce arterial ischemia in the left hind limb was devised. The first stage involved surgical interruption of collateral and re-entrant vessels, and the second stage involved femoral artery ligation. Using Xenon 133 clearance as an estimate of blood flow, reduction in flow to 14, 24, and 37% of the simultaneously measured value in the right hind limb was obtained at 2 hours, 2 days, and 5 days post ligation. Oxygen extraction in the left hind limb doubled both at 2 hours and at 2 days post ligation. Histological evaluation of the anterior compartment musculature after 5 days demonstrated loss of nuclei, degenerating contractile elements, edema, and inflammatory infiltrate. Evaluation of rats that had undergone isolated femoral artery ligation showed a 66% reduction in flow 2 hours after ligation, but no reduction in flow at 5 days, no increase in oxygen extraction, and only nuclear changes on histological exam at five days.

Cannulation of big arteries in critically ill patients.

Abstract: A retrospective evaluation of 350 axillary and femoral artery cannulations in ICU patients revealed a 6.3-day mean duration of catheterization. Minor incidents such as hematoma (3.7%), catheter malfunction (5.1%), and local inflammation (2.5%) were noticed. The catheter was removed in 25 patients in whom it was suspected of causing sepsis. Six septic patients had the same organism in catheter and arterial blood cultures (with a negative venous blood culture), probably denoting an infected, catheter-linked thrombus. In 241 cases the catheter was removed at the end of the monitoring period. In only 21 of these cases did an organism grow in the catheter culture, but in 18 of these cases, the same organism was found in previous blood, sputum, and/or urine cultures. Thus, in only six patients (of 266 survivors) could arterial cannulation be held responsible for generalized sepsis. However, because no bacteriologic study was performed on catheters removed after the patient's death, this number could have been higher. Percutaneous axillary and femoral artery cannulation is highly recommended for extended monitoring because of its low incidence of minor complications, and no evident danger of tissue ischemia.

Microvascular repair following local crush and avulsion vascular injury.

Abstract: A model has been developed demonstrating intimal damage resulting from a combined crush and avulsion injury to the femoral artery of the rat. Revascularization after traumatization is accomplished with microvascular anastomosis of the severed ends. Vascular patency rates at 2 and 7 days postoperatively are low (0-25%) in comparison with control groups (90-100%). A high correlation is found between patency tests performed at 20 minutes and at 2 days after blood flow re-establishment. Systemically administered heparin improves traumatized-vessel patency dramatically.

Role of calcium antagonists in cerebral arterial spasm.

Abstract: Spasm of the large cerebral arteries at the base of the brain causes delayed ischemic neurologic deficits in approximately 30% of patients after a subarachnoid hemorrhage from an intracranial aneurysm. In vitro chamber studies have shown that both dog and human large cerebral artery segments contract to a variety of vasoactive agents, and the dog and human segments are remarkedly similar in their responses. The source of calcium necessary to initiate contraction was found to be extracellular for large cerebral arteries. In contrast, systemic arteries such as the femoral artery use a bound intracellular pool of calcium for contraction. The calcium antagonists nifedipine and nimodipine were found to selectively inhibit the contractions of large cerebral arteries but not the femoral artery. In vivo experiments demonstrated that both nifedipine and nimodipine, given sublingually, would prevent and reverse cerebral arterial spasm in the dog after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nimodipine was found to be more potent, both in the chamber and in the live dog experiments. Nimodipine significantly decreased the occurrence of severe neurologic deficits from spasm alone in a multi-institutional, prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Vasoconstrictor effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on canine coronary artery.

Abstract: The effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the coronary circulation of the closed-chest dogs (n = 7) was studied. The left circumflex artery was cannulated and perfused with arterial blood withdrawn from the femoral artery. The flow was kept constant by a roller pump and it was monitored by an electromagnetic flowmeter. An increase in the perfusion pressure which was characterized by a slow onset and long-lasting effect (more than 10 min) was found in each dog after NPY. There were no significant changes in the arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure and heart rate. The peak rise was observed at about 1 min; from 108 +/- 9 mmHg to 144 +/- 13 mmHg (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.01). This increase in the perfusion pressure resulted from vasoconstriction distal to the cannula. When the doses of NPY was changed, a dose-response relation was found (n = 4). Phentolamine did not inhibit the vasoconstrictor effect of NPY (n = 4). The endogeneous substance NPY might be engaged in the regulation of myocardial perfusion and can be a candidate responsible for coronary spasm.

Vascular reactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Effect of high pressure stress and extracellular calcium.

Abstract: The role of extracellular calcium and high blood pressure stress in altered vascular adrenergic responsiveness in rings of femoral artery from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was investigated. A model in which partial ligation of the external iliac artery prevents the increase in blood pressure to the ipsilateral femoral artery was used to assess the effect of the increase in pressure stress on these alterations. Age-matched (5-week-old) male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR were used in the study. Partial ligation was performed before a substantial increase in blood pressure occurred (6 weeks of age), and studies on vascular reactivity were carried out at 10 to 12 weeks of age when the SHR were considered hypertensive (indirect systolic blood pressure greater than 150 mm Hg). Maximal contractility of rings of unprotected femoral artery from the SHR in response to KCl in either a normal (2.5 mM) or low (0.25 mM) calcium Krebs solution was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than was that of protected vessels from the SHR or protected and unprotected vessels from the WKY; however, no difference in the sensitivity to KCl was observed. Isoproterenol-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated in rings of vascular smooth muscle from unprotected femoral arteries of the SHR (p less than 0.05), while the responses of protected vessels from the SHR were similar to controls. Equilibration of vascular smooth muscle in a low calcium Krebs solution resulted in an increase in beta-adrenergic mediated relaxation in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Occlusion of the common femoral artery complicating total hip arthroplasty

Abstract: Vascular injuries after total hip arthroplasty are occasionally reported, but we have found only two cases of major arterial occlusion, and none at all involving the common femoral artery. We report two cases of occlusion of the common femoral artery after Charnley arthroplasties, one of which resulted in a below-knee amputation.

Antegrade catheterization of the superficial femoral artery.

Abstract: A simple method of selective catheterization of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) following antegrade puncture of the common femoral artery is described. The method entails using a Cope-type dilator introducer, which directs the guide wire from its side hole into the SFA while the tip is secured in the deep femoral artery.

Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on dopamine and noradrenaline content in dog blood vessels and heart. Evidence for a noradrenaline-independent dopamine pool.

Abstract: 1. The noradrenaline and dopamine depletion induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and pargyline plus 6-OHDA was investigated in the heart, mesenteric, renal, splenic and femoral arteries and saphenous vein of the dog. Catecholamine concentrations in plasma were also analyzed in these two experimental conditions. 2. 6-OHDA and pargyline plus 6-OHDA induced a parallel decrease of the noradrenaline and dopamine content in the main trunk of the mesenteric artery, femoral artery and heart. In the proximal branches of the mesenteric artery, renal and splenic arteries 6-OHDA selectively reduced noradrenaline (by 50%) without changes in dopamine levels. Previous treatment with pargyline abolished this selectivity and depleted the tissue levels of both noradrenaline and dopamine by 75%. 3. The noradrenaline and dopamine levels in the saphenous vein were not significantly reduced by 6-OHDA (15%) and pargyline plus 6-OHDA (40%). 4. 6-OHDA and pargyline plus 6-OHDA increased both noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in plasma, without significant changes in dopamine concentrations. 5. The present findings suggest: an independent dopamine presence in the proximal branches of the mesenteric artery, renal artery and splenic artery; that noradrenaline and dopamine are in one and the same structure in the heart, femoral artery and the main trunk of the mesenteric artery; the saphenous vein is more resistant to chemical sympathectomy than arterial blood vessels; the changes in plasma catecholamine concentrations are probably related to a compensatory mechanism initiated at the adrenal medulla.

The effect of acute and chronic femoral artery ligation on the blood flow through the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat examined using laser Doppler flowmetry and xenon-133 clearance.

Abstract: In this investigation the resting gastrocnemius muscle blood flow of the anaesthetized rat was evaluated using a recently developed laser Doppler flowmeter and the xenon-133 clearance technique. The perfusion of the microvasculature of the muscle was measured in normal control rats and in animals in which the supplying femoral artery had been acutely (1 h-1 week) or chronically (8-12 weeks) ligated. The laser Doppler flowmeter allowed continuous measurements of the muscle perfusion. Such measurements revealed a rhythmic fluctuation in the perfusion of the gastrocnemius muscle. The xenon-133 clearance technique did not allow continuous recording of muscle blood flow and rhythmical flow changes could not be observed. Acute ligation of the femoral artery reduced the mean muscle perfusion by 41% and 52% when assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry and xenon-133 clearance respectively. In comparison to animals without femoral artery ligation the hyperaemic response, following release of a tourniquet around the thigh or of an abdominal aortic occlusion, was markedly attenuated. Chronic ligation of the femoral artery reduced the mean muscle perfusion by 33% and 32% when assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry and xenon-133 clearance respectively. In these animals the hyperaemia, following tourniquet-induced muscle ischaemia, was reduced, compared to normal animals, but was more pronounced than observed in acutely ligated animals. In the chronically ligated animals abdominal aortic occlusion did not produce sustained muscle ischaemia and consequently no hyperaemic response was observed upon release of the aortic occlusion. We conclude that, as judged by the comparability of the results obtained using xenon-133 clearance, the laser Doppler flowmeter is a useful and sensitive new tool for the examination of the perfusion of tissue blood flow. The results suggest that chronic ligation of the rat femoral artery induces circulatory changes which mimic those seen in claudicants.

Bilateral aorto-femoral bypass in the presence of aorto-iliac occlusive disease and factors determining results. Experience and long term follow up with 500 consecutive cases

Abstract: Late results and respective determinant factors on the basis of 500 consecutive aortic bi-femoral bypass, are presented. Critical analysis of the outcome, in terms of graft patency, limb salvage and death rate, is based upon comparative studies by means of life table evaluation covering a follow up of slightly over 14 years. A favorable outcome was definitely related to the extent of peripheral arterial involvement and associated pathology, mainly coronary artery disease and hypertension. Operative mortality was 3.2%. Immediate graft patency was obtained in a rate of 98.8%, while late patency in 5 and 10 years was found to be 87% and 78% respectively. Amputation rate was 5.6%. Associated carotid and renal artery stenosis, uni and/or bilateral, were corrected surgically in a preliminary operative procedure in the former (9%) and concomitantly in the latter case (5%). Comparative late results according to associated pathology and distal arterial disease, together with complication rate and late mortality, are given in detail in the text by means of statistical data and illustrative curves.

Antegrade selective catheterization of the superficial femoral artery using a movable-core guide wire.

Abstract: A simplified method of selective antegrade catheterization of the superficial femoral artery using a movable-core guide wire is described. This technique obviates the need for multiple catheter and guide wire manipulations and exchanges when preferential passage of the guide wire into the profunda femoral artery occurs following antegrade common femoral artery puncture.

Percutaneous brachial approach using the femoral artery sheath for left heart catheterization and selective coronary angiography

Abstract: A percutaneous method via the brachial artery for left heart catheterization and selective coronary angiography is described. The technique uses the sheath intended for the femoral artery, continuously infused and introduced following a particular technique. The procedure was performed with minimal complications over 18 months, with multipurpose "Schoonmaker" or preshaped catheters, in all the patients (37) in whom the femoral approach was contraindicated or failed. When a catheterization must be performed from the arm, this method, without cutdown and arteriotomy and allowing a good distal flow during the procedure, appears to have some advantages over the classical Sones technique or the percutaneous arterial axillary approach.

Femoral artery based myocutaneous flap for hemipelvectomy closure: amputation after failed limb-sparing surgery and radiotherapy.

Abstract: In this report, we have presented the first patient treated with a discontinuous myocutaneous flap for coverage of a hemipelvectomy combined with butockectomy. This procedure allows circumferential excision of all tissues anterior and posterior to the hemipelvis. The circular defect that extends from the anus to anterior abdominal wall is covered with fresh tissue obtained from the anterior thigh just above the knee and supported on the superficial femoral artery. The major principles to be emphasized are the use of uninvolved tissues, as well as obtaining adequate tumor-free margins.

In Vivo Measurement of the Elasticity and Diameter of the Femoral Artery

Abstract: The diameter and the elastic properties of the femoral artery were investigated by means of ultrasound M-mode. The nature of individual variations was determined in 27 medical students at the age of 21–23 years. A significant positive correlation was found between height and increasing arterial cross sectional area. The influence of age upon arterial luminal size and elasticity was estimated in a group of 43 persons with a wide range of age. There was a significant rise in stiffness proportional to age, but none in luminal size.

Percutaneous perfusion of occluded coronary arteries with blood from the femoral artery: a dog study.

Abstract: The idea of perfusing the distal coronary artery with arterial blood during balloon dilatation was implemented in early experimental coronary angioplasty but then abandoned. We pursued this concept in an animal model using a specially designed roller pump. The pump delivers blood from a femoral artery catheter through the central lumen of a balloon catheter occluding a coronary artery. Perfusion of large proximally occluded coronary arteries for at least 60 min was possible in 8 of 11 heparinized dogs. Hemolysis occurring in the pump system due to the small catheter lumen proved a minor problem. For a limited period of time, occluded coronary arteries can be adequately perfused with arterial blood by this percutaneous system that is readily applicable in any catheterization laboratory. Its use is conceivable not only for temporary treatment of acute complications during angioplasty but also for prolonged balloon dilatations of spastic or thrombosed coronary arteries.

Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery treated by operative transluminal balloon angioplasty.

Abstract: Operative treatment of critical stenoses of the internal carotid artery secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia has been performed for nearly 2 decades using graduated metal dilators. While percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the internal carotid via the femoral artery has several advantages over the operative metal dilator method, cerebral embolization is a matter for concern. The authors have performed operative transluminal balloon angioplasty in such cases, permitting backbleeding with removal of any thrombi or debris. This technique combines the advantages of dilatation by a Gruntzig balloon with post-dilatation carotid backbleeding. Five patients have been successfully treated thus far using this technique.

[The anatomical study on the branches of the femoral artery (II). Comparison with the findings of Adachi's classification].

Abstract: The authors studied the mode of three main branches of the femoral artery (deep femoral, medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral artery) in 179 Japanese cadavers during dissecting practice at Gifu University in the last four years. The findings were as follows; Two hundred and seventeen sides in the 352 sides (61.7%) belong to Type I of Adachi's classification on variations in the arrangement of the branches of the femoral artery. Forty-one sides (11.6%) belong to Type II, 55 sides (15.6%) to Type III, 7 sides (2.0%) to Type IV, 8 sides (2.3%) to Type V, 4 sides (1.1%) to Type VI, 5 sides (1.4%) to Type VII and 15 dises (4.3%) to other types. Five cases in 15 sides which belong to other types have been reported in our previous study (Emura et al. 1985). In 3 cases out of 10 sides the deep femoral-medial circumflex femoral trunk, and the ascending and descending branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery arise from the femoral artery, respectively. In one case out of 10 sides the deep femoral-lateral circumflex femoral trunk and the medial circumflex femoral-inferior epigastric-obturator trunk arise from the femoral artery, respectively. In one case out of 10 sides the lateral circumflex femoral artery and the deep femoral-medial circumflex femoral-inferior epigastric-obturator trunk arise from the femoral artery, respectively. In one case out of 10 sides the medial circumflex femoral-deep circumflex iliac trunk arises from the lateral side of the femoral artery and runs medially behind the femoral artery, and the deep femoral-lateral circumflex femoral trunk arises from the femoral artery. In one case out of 10 sides the deep femoral-ascending (the lateral circumflex femoral artery) trunk, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the deep circumflex iliac-descending (the lateral circumflex femoral artery) trunk arise from the femoral artery, respectively. In one case out of 10 sides the deep femoral-descending (the lateral circumflex femoral artery) trunk, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery) trunk, the medial circumflex femoral artery and the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery arise from the femoral artery, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Autoregulation and vasoconstriction in the intestine during acute renal hypertension.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether local mechanisms of blood flow autoregulation mediate vasoconstriction during the early development of renal hypertension. Anesthetized rats were instrumented with Doppler flow probes on the celiac (CA), superior mesenteric (SMA), and renal arteries to measure flow velocity in these vessels. Acute two-kidney, one clip renal hypertension was produced by inflating a pneumatic occluder on the left renal artery to reduce flow velocity by 50%. Two hours after renal artery stenosis (RAS), femoral artery pressure (AP) was increased by 35%, CA resistance by 45%, and SMA resistance by 57%. No increases were observed in AP or in CA and SMA resistances for sham-operated, control rats. To determine if autoregulation contributed to the increase in SMA resistance, we protected the SMA vasculature from the increased arterial pressure by servocontrolled inflation of a pneumatic cuff implanted around the SMA. Although normalizing SMA pressure with the protective cuff significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) the increase in SMA resistance that occurred after RAS, SMA resistance remained elevated above control levels. These results suggest that (1) reduced intensity of SMA constriction produced by protection of the SMA is due to inhibition of a local autoregulatory mechanism that is contributing to the increase in SMA resistance during the acute development of renal hypertension, and (2) maintenance of elevated SMA resistance during protection from increased AP is the result of pressure-independent mechanisms that are activated subsequent to renal artery stenosis.