Showing papers on "Forging published in 1973"

Forging Equipment, Materials, and Practices.

Abstract: : The handbook provides design engineers with up-to-date information about the many aspects of forging including descriptions of important developments made more recently by industry and/or government. The handbook describes suitable measures for in-process quality control and quality assurance, summarizes relationships between forging practices and important mechanical properties and compares various forging devices to aid in equipment selection. Attention is also given to describing practices for relatively new materials and emerging forging practices. (Modified author abstract)

A torsion machine for programmed simulation of hot working

Abstract: A versatile hot torsion testing machine has been developed to simulate deformation schedules encountered in practical hot working operations such as rolling or forging. Programmed deformation for strain rates covering seven orders of magnitude can be carried out. Two particular features of the machine are a high speed clutch-brake system and a digital programmer. The clutch is capable of accelerating the sample from 0 to 3000 rev min-1 in 2 ms. The programmer is capable of up to 60 steps, 10 output functions and time ranges from 1 ms to 105 s.

Prealloyed steel powder for formation of structural parts by powder forging and powder forged article for structural parts

Abstract: This invention provides a prealloyed steel powder for formation of structural parts by powder forging, which comprises up to 0.5% by weight of carbon, 0.8 to 5.0% by weight of copper, 0.1 to 0.7% by weight of molybdenum, 0.3 to 1.3% by weight of nickel, and up to 0.6% by weight of manganese. This prealloyed steel powder exhibits a good forgeability and is inexpensive, and it can give a powder forged article which is comparable or superior to structural wrought alloy articles manufactured from conventional wrought alloy steels in respect to heat treatability, carburizing, quench hardening properties and mechanical properties. This invention also includes a prealloyed steel powder which comprises up to 0.5% by weight of carbon, 0.8 to 5.0% by weight of copper, 0.1 to 0.7% by weight of molybdenum, and up to 0.6% by weight of manganese, the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities incorporated during the manufacturing process, and which exhibits excellent quench hardenability after powder forging.

Method of drop-forging sintered workpieces

Abstract: The present drop-forging method of presintered workpieces employes a drop-forging die which has a dimension transverse to the direction of motion of a die member larger than the dimension of a preshaped blank The shape of the blank is selected to deviate from the shape of the drop-forging die to such an extent as to assure a massive deformation in the following drop-forging step

Process of producing by powder metallurgy techniques a ferritic hot forging of low flow stress

Abstract: Ferritic age-hardenable alloy steels containing correlated percentages of nickel, copper, molybdenum, carbon, etc. in powder form are characterized by low flow stress, thus rendering them particularly suitable for P/M hot forging.

Method for producing annular forgings

Abstract: In the process of free forging an ingot made of titanium alloy with an alpha + beta structure is subjected to multiple plastic deformation in its axial, radial, and tangential directions with an overall degree of deformation in each of these directions being not less than 60 percent of the total deformation, and with sucessive changing of the direction of the deforming force. On completion of deformation annealing is performed at a temperature somewhat below the temperature of phase transformation of the alloy from beta to alpha + beta structure.

Method of making a through-hardened scale-free forged powdered metal article without heat treatment after forging

Abstract: A method of making forged powdered iron base metal articles of high Rc hardness without need for further machining, surface treatment nor heat treatment after quenching comprising forming a pre-alloyed metal powder, compressing said powder into a briquette, sintering said briquette into a preform, heating said preform to a temperature above its austenizing temperature, forging said preform while above its austenizing temperature into a forged article, permitting the article to cool to approximately its austenizing temperature, and promptly quenching said forged article in a quenching batch.

Glass cloth in metal forging

Abstract: In forging a metal piece which has been heated to a temperature above that of the forging dies, the metal piece is insulated from the dies by glass cloth.

Fully automatic forging press

Abstract: This forging press is adapted to operate fully automatically, based on complete control by computers, the process including the heating of a material to be forged, introduction of the heated material, transferring successively to a plurality of metal molds provided in the body of the forging press and reversing of the material, removing the forged material from the forging press, and performing finishing work after the material has been carried into a trimming press.

Strengthening effects in press forged KCl

Abstract: Recrystallization of KCl crystals deformed in a direction was utilized to develop polycrystalline microstructures, increasing yield stresses, thus making them more attractive as laser window candidates. Using press forging techniques (i.e., slow compressive deformation in the absence of lateral constraints), large plastic strains (≤ 70%) were achieved at temperatures as low as 150 °C, which resulted in recrystallized grain sizes as fine as 5 μm. Although a residual texture was present, there was sufficient grain misorientation to result in general polycrystalline behavior. The yield stresses of the press forged materials increased with decreasing grain size, reaching about 35 MN m−2 (∼5000 psi) at the finest (5 μm) grain size.

Metal working lubricant

Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO A LUBRICANT FOR METAL WORKING, SUCH AS A FORGING, WHICH CONTAINS A MAJOR PORTION OF POLYBUTENE AND MINOR PORTIONS OF TIN OR LEAD SOAPS, A SOLID LUBRICANT, SUCH AS GRAPHITE, AND A DISPERSING AGENT. FOR HOT FORGING, IT IS PREFERRED TO DILUTE THE LUBRICANT WITH KEROSENE OR THE LIKE.

Press forging die

Abstract: A hot work implement, such as a press forging die and analogous products, which has excellent secondary hardening and temper resistance, toughness, wear resistance, and machinability properties as contrasted to products currently on the market, said implement being economically competitive with existing implements and having the following nominal composition by weight per cent in its broadest embodiment: }C .15 - .35 }Mn .50 - .90 }Si .15 - .40 }Ni 1.0 - 3.5 }Cr .5 - 4.5 }Mo .5 - 3.0 }V .2 - 1.0 }Al .01 - .

Forging carbon-manganese steel - micro-alloyed with vanadium or niobium and cooling in air at room temp.

Abstract: Steel forgings, esp. used as crankshafts for vehicle engines, are produced by forging a C-Mn steel contg. >=0.2% C, micro-alloyed with 0.05-0.15% V or Nb, and contg. no further alloying components, at 900-1280 degrees C with V addn. or at 1250-1280 degrees C with Nb addn., followed by cooling the forgings, esp. individually, in air at >= room temp. Micro-alloying additives improve yield strength but do not alter tensile strength. Re-heating after cooling is obviated; a pearlite structure is formed and forgings can be machined with tools used for forgings of heat-treatable steels.

Heat treatment of large forgings

Abstract: 1. The use of the similarity theory to analyze the quenching process makes it possible to obtain a generalized quenching graph for oil and water that characterizes the temperature field during cooling of forgings (machine parts) of different diameters. 2. A method was developed for determining the hardenability by means of superposing the quenching graph on the thermokinetic diagram of the steel. This method makes it possible to determine the hardened zone in forgings of different diameters with given requirements (absence of pearlitic transformation, absence of transformation in the upper bainite range, etc.). 3. To obtain high mechanical properties (high strength and low ductile-brittle transition temperature) it is necessary that the cooling time during quenching of large forgings be sufficient to lower the temperature in the center of the forging to 200–300°C. 4. To obtain high mechanical properties due to decomposition of austenite in the martensite transformation range and in the lower bainite range it is expedient to quench large forgings with unvarying section in water or through water in oil. 5. For parts varying in section (barrels and necks) the best method is water-air or sprayer cooling, permitting separate cooling of the barrel and the neck and thus permitting prolonged cooling of the barrel to the required temperature.

Method of lubricating a work, especially a wire in a warm forging process

Abstract: A method of lubricating a workpiece, especially a wire of steel, titanium, or the like, in a warm forging process such as warm heading performed at a temperature between 450 DEG -800 DEG C, characterized by using an oily lubricant, such as oil, fat, mineral oil and polyethylene glycol mixed with about 5-20 times as much water and spraying the mixture of said lubricant and water by using airless spray at nozzle pressure from 50 to 150 kg/cm2 into engaging surfaces of the workpiece and a tool, whereby due to a cooling effect by the water, the oily lubricant operates satisfactorily even at a high temperature range of 450 DEG -800 DEG C.

Metal flow and densification in the die-forging of porous preforms*

Abstract: Preforms of Ni-Mo alloy steel have been deformed at 1130°C in lubricated closed dies, the ratio D0/D, where D0 is the die diameter and D the initial preform diameter, being varied between 1·0 and 1·37. Both the high-speed Petro-Forge and a crank press were used, and parameters such as forging load, energy, and density during the forging operation were measured.The stages by which densification proceeds are considered, together with their influence on preform design.

The fatigue performance of some connecting rods made by powder forging

Abstract: The fatigue properties of connecting rods made by the powder-forging process have been studied. Plain iron powder was used in their production and the carbon content adjusted to ∼0·45% by addition of graphite. Heat-treatment raised the strength to ∼700–850 N/mm2. Fatigue performance under alternating tensile and compressive stress was investigated using a ‘push/pull’-type machine, standard drop-forged rods being tested for comparison. In addition, tests were made on parallel sided test pieces of forged iron-carbon powder and En 15 wrought bar stock.The endurance limits of the powder-forged rods were superior to those of the drop-forged rods although the results for the latter showed considerable scatter. However, the fatigue performance of polished test pieces showed wrought steel to be slightly the better. Reasons for the differences are discussed. A low-alloy steel of higher fatigue performance is under development specifically for connecting-rod application.

Hydraulic forging press

Abstract: A horizontal hydraulic forging press has counter-acting forging pistons which are coupled so that the forging movements of the forging pistons are coupled together The coupling is done by each forging piston having a step and a rearwardly-extending shank, at least two coupling-cylinder units being connected to each shank For each shank, at least one piston-cylinder unit increases in volume and at least one piston-cylinder unit decreases in volume as the forging pistons make a forging stroke The piston-cylinder unit which increases in volume is connected to a piston-cylinder unit which decreases in volume and is associated with the other piston, and vice versa, in order to obtain proper coupling

Hot forging process

Abstract: A hot forging process for steels which comprises pretreating a steel, such as by heat treatment or plastic working, and then hot forging the treated or worked steel at a temperature in the range from 450 DEG C to the Acl transformation point of the steel. This procedure obviates the use of subsequent heat treatments of the steel after the hot forging.

Forging die lubrication

Abstract: A die for a forging operation, especially isothermal forging, is formed having grooves thereon to act as reservoirs for holding a lubricant for lubricating the die during operation. While the lubricant can be put in the grooves originaly by various means, one means for maintaining lubricant in the grooves during a forging operation where a plurality of billets are forged in succession is to have the billet covered by the lubricant, then each billet would leave some lubricant in the grooves for the next forging while pushing some out to use for its own forging operation.

On the Cold Forging of Sintered Iron Powder Preforms

Abstract: In order to increase the toughness of sintered ferrous products and to produce more complicated shapes, cylindrical sintered billets prepared from reduced iron powder were forged at room temperature. Generally it is considered impossible to cold form a powder even after sintering, but according to our experiments it was found that sintered billets can be forged successfully and various kinds of products can be obtained. Cold forgeability of sintered iron powder and the effects of shape and reduction are discussed in this paper. Also density and hardness distributions of the forged products were investigated in detail, and their microscopic material flow was observed.

Apparatus for stretch forging and apparatus for forming the same

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for stretch forging having swinging jaws depending from driven eccentrics and offset relative to one another around the run-through axis of an ingot workpiece. Means are provided for rotating the ingot through a predetermined angle about its axis. The jaws form in closed position a closed sizing gap in the region of the neutral flow plane of the workpiece, and the configuration of the working surface of each jaw being such that a portion of the workpiece is radially deformed.