Showing papers on "Forward osmosis published in 1983"
Patent•
20 Oct 1983TL;DR: In this article, the authors described a method comprising feeding an aqueous mixture into indirect heat exchange with a cooling fluid to produce ice particles in the aqous mixture and thus to form an ice slurry; centrifuging the ice slurps to separate the ice and form an aqouous effluent; melting the separated ice and treating the resulting water to remove components which damage a reverse osmosis membrane; and subjecting the treated water to reverse Osmosis using a reverse-no-solution membrane to produce potable water and an impure
Abstract: Apparatus comprising a freeze exchanger in which an aqueous mixture is indirectly cooled by a cooling fluid to produce an aqueous mixture containing ice; a centrifuge; a conduit for feeding an ice slurry from the freeze exchanger to the centrifuge; a heater; a conduit for feeding ice from the centrifuge to the heater to melt the ice; a water treatment apparatus; a conduit for feeding the water from the heater to the water treatment apparatus to condition the water for contact with a reverse osmosis membrane; a reverse osmosis apparatus; and a conduit for feeding the conditioned water to the reverse osmosis apparatus in which the water is purified by reverse osmosis. A method comprising feeding an aqueous mixture into indirect heat exchange with a cooling fluid to produce ice particles in the aqueous mixture and thus to form an ice slurry; centrifuging the ice slurry to separate the ice and form an aqueous effluent; melting the separated ice and treating the resulting water to remove components which damage a reverse osmosis membrane; and subjecting the treated water to reverse osmosis using a reverse osmosis membrane to produce potable water and an impure water stream.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of acceleration on particulate fouling were determined by testing hollow-fiber elements under accelerations of up to 500 G. The fouling agent was 40 ppm of iron hydroxide suspended in a solution of 0.5 percent sodium chloride.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid process based on reverse osmosis is proposed to solve the problem of the concentrate-disposal by treating this concentrate in a zero discharge system utilizing selective ion exchange, electrodialysis and thin-film evaporation.
5 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of reverse osmosis for treatment of waters discharged from cooling-water recycle systems in conjunction with spiral-wound cellulose acetate membranes is discussed.
Abstract: The use of reverse osmosis for treatment of waters discharged from cooling-water recycle systems in conjunction with spiral-wound cellulose acetate membranes is discussed. The use of the membranes represents a significant potential for capital-cost savings. Cellulose acetate displays low rejections of cyanide and phenol at pH value below 7. A pilot-scale experimental method, the theoretical approach, and permeate water quality data are given. (JMT)
4 citations
15 Nov 1983
4 citations
13 Oct 1983
TL;DR: The Permanganate Demand Test (PDT) as discussed by the authors is based on both of the accepted equations used to describe the solvent and solute flow through the membrane and characterizes the reduction in solvent flow by an increase in the osmotic pressure at the membrane.
Abstract: : A new test to predict the fouling potential of a reverse osmosis (RO) feedwater was developed. The Permanganate Demand Test is based on both of the accepted equations used to describe the solvent and solute flow through the membrane. It characterizes the reduction in solvent flow by an increase in the osmotic pressure at the membrane. The Silt Density Index (SDI) is a membrane test that has come into widespread use to predict the fouling potential of a feedwater. RO processes can be expected to operate successfully over a long period of time without significant reduction in permeate flux if the SDI values are between 2 and 5.3, on a scale of 1 to 6.67. The SDI was found to be sensitive to suspended particles large enough to be measured as turbidity, but insensitive to dissolved metal concentrations.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a small pilot plant was built and operated to study the treatment of a mine drainage water of bicarbonate type to render it suitable for use as boiler feed make-up or disposal.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of various operating pressures and membranes of various characteristics have been evaluated using the model and the real system and the results were compared in terms of energy requirements for the concentration process.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an economic analysis of cooling of the feedwater is made and it is shown that the optimum conversion ratio is generally the maximum possible as limited by brine osmotic pressure and brine flow considerations.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method for elimination of the fouling constituents was examined, that would favourably combine low investment and operating costs with very high flexibility and efficiency, in which the energy input required for floc growth in each step is provided by variable speed agitators.
1 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the process of reverse osmosis and how it is used for desalinating seawater to make it potable are described and illustrated, and an economic comparison between the reverse odometry and the longer established distillation processes suggests substantial advantages for the former in terms of power consumption.
Abstract: The Author explains the process of reverse osmosis and how it is used for desalinating seawater to make it potable. The two types of osmosis membrane, namely, the hollow fine fibre and the spirally wound, are described and illustrated. An economic comparison between the reverse osmosis and the longer established distillation processes suggests substantial advantages for the former in terms of power consumption.
TL;DR: In this article, a gedanken experiment on osmotic pressure and flow is supplemented to illustrate the circumstances in which equilibrium is achieved, and the concept that solvent pressure can be described as a partial pressure is thus given additional credence.
Abstract: A previously proposed gedanken experiment on osmotic pressure and flow is supplemented to illustrate the circumstances in which equilibrium is achieved. The concept that solvent pressure can be negative and can be described as a partial pressure is thus given additional credence.