Showing papers on "Free trade published in 1971"

The Structure of Protection in Developing Countries

Abstract: Developing countries pursued a policy of import substitution in an effort to improve their balance-of-payments positions and to foster the development of their manufacturing industries. This book provides criteria for evaluating policies of protection and applies these criteria to the cases of seven countries. The method of evaluation applied makes use of the recently developed effective protection measure, which takes into account tariffs not only on the product itself, but also on the inputs used in its manufacture. The book provides a conceptual framework for the country studies, supplies background information on the national economies of the countries in question, evaluates the results of estimates of effective protection for the individual countries, and suggests guidelines for protection policies.

The Demand for Union Services: An Exercise

Abstract: Presents a study that proposed a framework for analyzing the growth in trade union membership. Distinction between the collective, semicollective, and private services offered by trade unions; Results; Implications of the study findings. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

Effect on Prices of Japan's Entry into World Commerce after 1858

Abstract: What happened to price ratios between exportables and importables in Japan as that country moved out of self-imposed economic isolation (ended in 1858) into free trade (the 1870s)? Average prices of exportables rose at least 3.5-fold relative to importables to converge on world market prices. At the extremes, in autarchy, Japan's price ratios on tea and bar iron were out of line with world price ratios no less than eight to one. By crude measures, it is estimated that Japan's national real income rose about 65 percent in the transition from economic isolation to free trade.

The Growth of Australian Trade Unions: 1907-1969:

Abstract: as political science, sociology, psychology, history, law, industrial relations, and economics have contributed to our understanding of the movement, economists generally concentrating on the wage determination aspects of the arbitration system. In the following pages a model, which attempts to explain Australian trade union membership growth in predominantly economic terms, is formulated and then tested on annual data. While lack of annual trade union membership figures prior to 1906 necessarily restricts the analysis to the period 1907-1969, this latter period is of vital interest to the labour historian for several reasons. First, in 1906 trade union membership represented less than 12 per cent of total wage and salary earners. This

Regional integration and trade liberalization in Latin America

Abstract: Possible alternative trade policies that might be applied during the 1970s by Latin American countries are evaluated. Regional integration would benefit Latin American countries more than a policy of overall trade liberalization. At the same time, the liberalization of trade would enhance these benefits by lessening the possiblities for maintaining and establishing high cost industries. The full exploitation of the benefits of regional integration, however, requires the coordination of trade policies, including exchange rate policy among the member countries. This coordination is now discouraged due to the danger of trade deflection and significant changes in trade flows, policy mix, and other possible adverse effects for LDCs. The potential benefits of policy coordination seem to be worth the price of foregoing the freedom of follow independent policies. 23 references.

Crisis in U.S. Trade Policy

Abstract: SINCE 1962, U.S. trade policy has been moving steadily away from the liberal trade approach which had charac terized it since 1934 and which has been the objective of every administration since that time. In 1962, the Trade Expansion Act passed the Congress with the largest majority in the history of the trade agreements pro gram and led to the Kennedy Round of trade negotiations. Since 1962, however, the number of U.S. industrial imports subject to quantitative restrictions, including "voluntary restraint" by for eign suppliers, has risen from seven to 67?a number which will shortly exceed the total of any other industrialized country, and whose restrictive impact is undoubtedly greater than the lib eralizing effect of our tariff cuts in the Kennedy Round. And Chairman Wilbur Mills of the Ways and Means Committee? who helped pilot the 1962 law to its overwhelming passage? commented last year that the Trade Expansion Act would have been unlikely to attract 50 votes on the House floor in 1970. The shift has come along an accelerating trend line. In 1964, Congress passed the Meat Import Act?the first legislated import restrictions for a major industry in the postwar period. There were attempts in 1964 and 1965 to negotiate voluntary restraint agreements covering U.S. imports of woolen textiles. The modest trade bill submitted by the Johnson Administration in 1968, whose only significant liberalizing feature was its request for repeal of the American Selling Price system of cus toms valuation (ASP), was never even reported out of the Ways and Means Committee ; and the Administration decided that it had to negotiate voluntary restraint agreements on steel and meat to avoid turning the bill into widespread protectionist legislation. And the Nixon Administration sought to negotiate voluntary restraints on synthetic and woolen textiles throughout 1969 and 1970. The most dramatic evidence of the shift in Congressional and public opinion developed in 1970. The so-called Mills bill, which would have levied quotas on all textile and shoe imports and tariff quotas on two minor products, passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 215 to 165. It would also have

Tax Incentives in Central American Development

Abstract: The five countries constituting the Central American Common Market' (CACM) have experienced a most remarkable growth since 1959-60, when they signed the agreements which provided for immediate free trade within the area for 94 percent of all products, and established the basis for the free internal trade of all products as well as for the gradual adoption of a uniform external tariff.2 This growth has been accompanied by a fundamental structural change in the economy reflected in a phenomenal expansion in both intraregional trade and in manufacturing production. The dynamic growth and structural shift in the Central American economy since the formation of the CACM is summarized by certain key average annual growth rates presented in table 1.

Long-run Tendencies in Foreign Trade: With a Statistical Study of French Trade Structure 1871–1939

Abstract: Economists who have studied the evolution of trade transactions between the two world wars have often stressed the existence of an obvious paradox: despite the disturbances brought about by the war period, the territorial changes, the monetary difficulties and the crises, international trade as a whole and particularly from a structural point of view, had a tendency, after a few years of complete disruption, to return to a pre-war pattern of evolution. Trade flows were returning to a distribution very similar to the one prevailing in 1913, and changes were occurring in the same direction as those of the 1896–1913 period. Certain countries endured great difficulties in the readaptation process, especially the United Kingdom, whose “structural crises†have often been cited. But the very changes that were sources of anxiety for English rulers were less a result of the transformation or the acceleration of pre-war tendencies than of their continuity.

Trade Unionism in Fiji

Abstract: THE 1968 report of the Fiji Ministry of Labour lists 30 employee organizations registered under the Trade Union Ordinance, 1964.°-’ Twelve of them are &dquo;white-collar&dquo; or professional-type associations (seven in the government-local government sector and five in the private sector). The remaining eighteen can be loosely termed &dquo;blue-collar&dquo; or manual worker unions. Fifteen of these manual unions are in the private sector, although

Effective Tariff Protection in a Simple General Equilibrium Model

Abstract: The tariff structure of an economy consists of the whole set of tariffs and subsidies on final and intermediate goods crossing its borders. One important effect of the imposition of such a tariff structure is that the resulting production pattern of the economy usually will differ from that prevailing under a system of free trade. To envisage the direction in which the production pattern changes, it is desirable to have an indicator based on nominal tariff rates. If the chosen indicator predicts that the new tariff structure causes an industry to expand relatively to other industries, then the expanding industry will be said to be protected. Initially, the concept of "nominal rate of protection" was used as an indicator of protection of the industry producing a final good on which a duty is imposed. If nj is the nominal rate of protection of industryj, and pf and pl denote the price of the jth good produced by the jth industry under free trade and with tariffs respectively, then