Showing papers on "Gasoline published in 1981"

Consumer Adaptation to Gasoline Price Increases

Abstract: This longitudinal study provides new evidence on household response to gasoline price increases from 1973 to 1979. Household members of a consumer panel exhibited adaptive behavior in miles driven and made adjustments in automobile inventories. Attitudes also showed adaptive tendencies. Classification of consumers into behavioral groups indicated potential for identifying behavior influences in different population segments.

Effect of molybdenum-containing, oil-soluble friction modifiers on engine fuel economy and gear oil efficiency

Abstract: A selection of molybdenum-containing, oil-soluble friction modifier additives was tested comparatively in engine dynamometer tests on gasoline and diesel engines; the tests measured variations in brake specific fuel consumption with speed. A similar selection of molybdenum-containing additives was evaluated in terms of transmission efficiency in a hypoid-gear, rear-axle test rig; the baseline oil was a formulated SAE-75W gear oil. Bench-scale friction tests utilizing the Press-Fit, Timken and Four-Ball test devices were employed to establish a correlation between small-scale rigs and full-scale engine tests. 13 refs.

A "transformation" method for calculating the research and motor octane numbers of gasoline blends

Abstract: To overcome the conceptual and practical difficulties inherent in current methods for estimating the Research and Motor Octanes of unleaded and leaded gasoline blends, a new, general (non-refinery-specific) procedure has been constructed. It incorporates hypotheses on how blending nonlinearities are produced by processes occurring inside a knock test engine. Three effects are considered: interaction of major chemical classes of hydrocarbons, variability of conditions inside the engine when rating different fuels, and sulfur/lead antagonism. Measured component properties rather than ''blending values'' are employed in the calculations. Specifically, the method requires measured Research and Motor Octanes of the components, their concentrations, and contents of olefins, aromatics, and paraffins (saturates). Based on data derived from 564 gasolines of widely varying composition, the standard errors of prediction for the model were found to be approximately four-tenths of an octane number. 12 refs.

Propane carburetion system

Abstract: A system for an existing combustion engine is provided for enabling the engine to be operated on liquefied propane, alone, through a conventional gasoline carburetor, to operate on either gasoline or liquefied propane through a conventional gasoline carburetor, to operate on liquefied propane, alone, through an inlet casting to be utilized in lieu of a conventional gasoline carburetor, or to operate on liquefied propane, alone, at a substantially constant engine speed. Further, the system is also operative in conjunction with a diesel engine whereby a small amount of gasified liquid propane may be introduced into the induction system of a diesel engine as a supplemental fuel charge therefor during high power demand periods of operation. The system includes a regulator-vaporizer assembly for reducing the pressure of and thus transferring liquid propane into gasified liquid propane, heating the propane gas and ducting the propane gas to an induction passage mixer, the latter including various adjustment features whereby the proper mixture of induction air and propane is afforded.

The Concentration and Analysis of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Fire Debris Using Tenax-GC

Abstract: An alternative method for the analysis of volatile hydrocarbons in fire debris has been developed. This involves the use of a trap containing Tenax-GC, a porous polymer which is capable of adsorbing a wide range of volatile materials including some common fire accelerants, e.g., petrol, kerosene, and diesel fuel. Some casework examples already examined by this method are reported together with details of the procedure adopted for routine use of the technique. A magnetic tape recorder has been incorporated into the system to overcome problems associated with headspaces found to be either too strong or too weak.

Production of ethanol by fermentation

Abstract: The production of ethanol, particularly ethanol used as a fuel, optionally in conjunction with gasoline (petrol) may be produced from carbohydrate containing material, such as starch-containing material or sugar-containing material, by a solid phase fermentation process.

Gasohol having corrosion inhibiting properties

Abstract: Liquid fuels for use in internal combustion engines comprising (i) a major fraction of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline boiling range, (ii) a minor amount of ethanol, and (iii) a corrosion inhibiting amount of a hydrocarbyl succinic acid or anhydride having from about 8 to 30 carbon atoms.

Introduction of alcohol-water mixture into gasoline-operated engine

Abstract: Alcohol and water are mixed as liquids in a volume ratio of water to alcohol in the range 0.3-1.0 to 1. The liquid mixture is heated in heat exchanging relation with the exhaust conduit of a gasoline operated internal combustion engine, to convert the mixture to a gaseous state which is then combined with a mixture of gasoline and air for introduction into the engine. The water-alcohol mixture is 3-14 vol. % of the gasoline.

Methanol automotive fuel

Abstract: A composition for use as a gasoline substitute. The composition includes either ethanol or methanol and an alkyl peroxide.

Evaporative carburetor and engine

Abstract: An evaporative carburetor has a normally pressure-tight chamber which houses an evaporator tray to which a fuel supply delivers gasoline. A first air passage in the carburetor chamber communicates from a first, automatically-valved, air inlet to pick up gasoline particles and vapor from the evaporator tray. A second air passage communicates from the evaporator tray to a mixing region and includes a particle arrester. A heater maintains the evaporator tray and the second passage above a selected temperature. A second, externally-controlled, valved inlet feeds air to the mixing region, and a third air passage communicates from the mixing region to a throttled output port. An aqueous control liquid is injected into the air stream in the third passage.

Supplementary composition for and a method of combustion-burning of gasoline

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, the method includes admixing air, gasoline vapor, and vaporous droplets of a water solution of calcium hydroxide in the form of a vaporous mixture which is thereafter heated to a temperature of from about 135 and 145 degrees Fahrenheit, and thereafter mixing the admixture with a gasoline-air fuel mixture to form a final combustion fuel mixture in a heated state, and thereafter burning it in the fuel chamber of an internal combustion engine, where the method is accomplished by the passing of air through a gasoline automobile tank and the bubbling of the mixture of the air and gas vapor by passing through a water solution of the metal hydroxide that also preferably includes a metal chlorate at about 35 to 45 grams per gallon of the water solution of hydroxide, and the heating is accomplished by manifold vacuum drawing the mixture in isolation within a tube of copper through manifold space of an engine prior to admixing it with the gasoline-air fuel mixture. The preferred vaporous composition contains vapors and/or droplets of air, gasoline and a water-solution of a metal hydroxide having a metal chlorate added thereto.

Corrosion inhibitors for alcohol-based fuels

Abstract: Liquid fuels for use in spark ignited internal combustion engines comprising (i) a major fraction of hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline boiling range, (ii) a minor amount of ethanol and (iii) a corrosion inhibiting amount of a mixture of (a) from about 5 to 95 parts of at least one polymerized unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having about 16 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule, and (b) from about 95 to about 5 parts of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having from 2 to about 10 carbon atoms.

A new route to liquid fuels from coal

Abstract: For many decades to come, the transformation of coal to high-grade liquid fuels and chemicals will be a continuing challenge. Chemically speaking, this conversion requires a gradual rearrangement of the carbon and hydrogen atoms and the addition of hydrogen, or the complete transformation of coal into building blocks containing a single carbon atom, and putting them together selectively with hydrogen to form the desired molecules. A catalyst discovered at Mobil will convert methanol, made from such building blocks, into high-octane gasoline. A simple process based on this catalyst produces the final link in a new route from coal to gasoline. A fluidized-bed version of this methanol-to-gasoline process will be tested in a 100 barrels ( ca . 16 m 3 ) per day pilot plant in Germany. A fixed-bed, commercial-size version has been selected by the New Zealand government for the conversion of methanol made from natural gas. This unit will produce 13 000 barrels ( ca . 2100 m 3 ) of gasoline per day. If the catalyst is modified, we can command it to construct basic chemical components such as light olefins, including ethylene, or BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) as the major product. The emergence of these new conversion processes exemplifies industrial R. and D., which spans the technology spectrum from basic and exploratory research by a few scientists to process development and commercialization involving industries and governments.

Liquid level indicator in a cylindrical gasoline tank of the horizontal type

Abstract: In case where a cylindrical gasoline tank embedded in the underground of a gasoline station is of the horizontal type, a liquid level sensor for sensing the liquid level of the gasoline is disposed in the tank, the liquid level in the tank as sensed by the sensor is converted into an electric signal, the electric signal is converted into a signal expressive of the quantity of the gasoline received in the tank by utilizing a segmental function, and this signal is used to indicate the received quantity of the gasoline with electric-light numerals.

Co-processing of residual oil and coal

Abstract: Visbreaking a mixture of petroleum residuum, coal and catalytic cracking catalyst under conditions severe enough to effect conversion but not so severe as to produce substantial quantities of coke produces a range of products including gaseous olefins and gasoline distillate. The solids recovered from the visbreaking operation can be processed to produce a synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Propane automotive feed system

Abstract: A propane gas feed device and system are provided wherein controlled, measured quantities of propane gas are controllably pre-mixed with air and this pre-mixture of air-propane is fed as a carburetor mixture for combustion in the engine. An air cut-off screen is controllably operated to adjust the air-fuel ratio relative to a changeover in the propane and gasoline demands. The propane feed system may be retro-fitted to an automobile employing conventional propane feed and provides for more efficient use of the propane with reduced unburned fraction in the engine exhaust. The propane air-feed device is also useful as wherein propane is the sole fuel.

Apparatus for entraining gasoline in air for use in an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A generator for converting volatile combustible liquids, such as gasoline, methanol and the like, into an aeriform gas including a closed vessel containing liquid gasoline maintained at a predetermined level, evaporating the liquid gasoline by passing streams of desiccated atmospheric air therethrough, after which the resulting gas is passed through specially processed charcoal material, which stabilizes the resulting gas into an aeriform gas as a fuel source for internal combustion engines.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel vehicles

Abstract: The precision and separation efficiency of current analytical methods for the sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the exhaust of automobiles were studied. The sampling of the PAH is done by condensing the total exhaust gas flow. The PAH collected are concentrated by known liquid-liquid extractions, purified by silica gel and separated into fractions using Sephadex. Two quantitative analytical methods are used, the advanced technique of glass capillary gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography coupled with in situ fluorescence spectrometry. The PAH contents in the exhaust gas of several diesel and gasoline cars are compared for different driving cycles.

A System for Viscosity Measurements at Pressures up to 3 GPa and Elevated Temperatures

Abstract: A falling body viscometer was developed to measure viscosity of lubricants between 10-1 to 105 Pa.s at high pressures (up to 3 GPa) and temperatures of 20–200°C. The viscometer was incorporated into a variable-support pressure vessel mounted in an O-frame press. A solenoid is used to raise the falling soft iron plunger to its upper position, where it closes a pair of contacts. On deactivating the upper solenoid, the plunger, falls to the lower position to close a second pair of contacts. Fall times are measured by a timer in 0.1s increments. Viscosity of a few fluids, namely a synthetic turbine engine oil, a mineral oil, white gasoline and a 1:1 mixture of the mineral oil and white gasoline were measured to demonstrate capability of the system. For the synthetic turbine engine oil, isoviscous curves for 102, 103 and 104 Pa.s are presented on a P–T diagram and estimates are made of the viscosity at which dynamic effects can be expected. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the...

Methyl Aryl Ethers from Coal Liquids as Gasoline Extenders and Octane Improvers

Abstract: A mixture of methyl aryl ethers derived from the phenols present in direct liquefaction coal liquids shows considerable promise as a gasoline blending agent and octane improver. The mixture of methyl aryl ethers was blended at five volume percent with a commercial, unleaded gasoline. The properties and performance of the blend in a variety of laboratory and automotive tests is reported. The tests show that the mixture of methyl aryl ethers improves gasoline octane without degrading other gasoline properties.

A Comparison of the Emissions of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Automobiles Using Gasoline or a Methanol/Gasoline Blend

Abstract: Individual polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in the exhaust gas from gasoline and gasoline/methanol fueled vehicles. Driving cycle tests as well as constant speed conditions were used. Exhaust emission samples were collected on filters together with a condenser. Eleven PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography and FID. PAHs in the fuels were also determined.

Prepn. of hydrocracking catalyst from zeolite-Y - and platinum group metal in reduced number of stages and with saving of metal

Abstract: In prepn of a hydrocracking catalyst, (a) the Na content of a zeolite-Y is reduced to about 2-5 wt% by exchange with NH4; (b) extrusions or beads are made from a mixt of the zeolite and an oxide matrix; (c) the prod is dried and then calcined in water vapour; (d) pref using one mixed soln, the Na content of the zeolite is lowered below 1% by replacement with NH4, alkaline earth, Gp IIIa or lanthanide ions and 01-2 wt% (on zeolite) of a noble metal of the Pt gp is introduced; (e) the prod is dried; (f) the prod is hydrated Opt (g) the catalyst is then treated with H2 The catalyst is useful in converting heavy petroleum cuts to gasoline and kerosene Formation of catalyst particles at an early stage (b) simplifies step (c) and reduces Pt-metal losses in (d) Step, (d) replaces several used previously Step (f) gives catalysts of improved performance

Fuel sulfur effects on the performance of automotive three-way catalysts during vehicle emissions tests

Abstract: Vehicle exhaust emissions tests, using the Federal Test Procedure, were conducted to deter mine the effect of gasoline sulfur content on the performance of three-way catalysts. The test fuels had sulfur concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, and 0.09 per cent. An increase in the fuel sulfur content from 0.01 to 0.09 percent reduced the conversion of hydro carbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen, resulting in higher tailpipe emissions. The effects were generally small, but statistically significant. The lower conversion was due to poisoning of the catalyst by sulfur species in the exhaust. The poison ing was reversible.